Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
Political Capital Institute, Budapest, Hungary.
Sci Rep. 2023 Jan 5;13(1):178. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26724-8.
"Why do people believe blatantly inaccurate news headlines? Do we use our reasoning abilities to convince ourselves that statements that align with our ideology are true, or does reasoning allow us to effectively differentiate fake from real regardless of political ideology?" These were the questions of Pennycook and Rand (2019), and they are more than actual three years later in Eastern Europe (especially in Hungary) in the light of the rise of populism, and the ongoing war in Ukraine - with the flood of disinformation that follows. In this study, using a representative Hungarian sample (N = 991) we wanted to answer the same questions-moving one step forward and investigating alternative models. We aimed to extend the original research with the examination of digital literacy and source salience on media truth discernment. Most of the observations of Pennycook and Rand were confirmed: people with higher analytic thinking were better at discerning disinformation. However, the results are in line with the synergistic integrative model as partisanship interacted with cognitive reflection: anti-government voters used their analytic capacities to question both concordant and discordant fake news more than pro-government voters. Furthermore, digital literacy increased detection, but source salience did not matter when perceiving disinformation.
人们为什么会相信明显不准确的新闻标题？是我们运用推理能力说服自己，让自己相信与我们的意识形态一致的说法是真实的，还是说推理能力让我们能够有效地辨别真假，而不受政治意识形态的影响？这些是彭尼库克和兰德（Pennycook & Rand，2019 年）提出的问题，三年多后，在东欧（尤其是在匈牙利），随着民粹主义的兴起和乌克兰持续不断的战争，以及随之而来的虚假信息泛滥，这些问题变得更加突出。在这项研究中，我们使用了具有代表性的匈牙利样本（N=991），试图回答同样的问题——更进一步，研究替代模型。我们旨在通过考察数字素养和信息源显著性对媒体真实性识别的影响，对原始研究进行扩展。彭尼库克和兰德的大部分观察结果都得到了证实：具有较高分析思维能力的人更善于识别虚假信息。然而，结果与协同综合模型一致，因为党派偏见与认知反射相互作用：反政府选民比亲政府选民更能利用他们的分析能力质疑一致和不一致的假新闻。此外，数字素养提高了检测能力，但在感知虚假信息时，信息源显著性并不重要。
