Heterologous Expression of the Plant-Derived Astaxanthin Biosynthesis Pathway in for Glycosylated Astaxanthin Production.

Astaxanthin is a high-value red pigment and antioxidant widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. However, the hydrophobicity of astaxanthin causes its low bioavailability. Glycosylation can substantially increase the water solubility of astaxanthin, thus enhancing its bioavailability, photostability, and biological activities. In this study, we report for the first time the heterologous production of glycosylated astaxanthin in . By appropriate removal of the chloroplast transit peptide, carotenoid 4-hydroxy-β-ring 4-dehydrogenase (HBFD) and carotenoid β-ring 4-dehydrogenase (CBFD) from were expressed in a β-carotene-producing strain, resulting in astaxanthin production with a yield of 0.59 mg/L, 0.05 mg/g DCW. This is the first time to successfully construct a plant-derived astaxanthin synthesis pathway in yeast. Modularized assembly of CBFD and HBFD, replacement of the promoter upstream CBFD, increasing the precursor β-carotene supply, and regulating the expressions of CBFD and HBFD led to a 4.9-fold increase in astaxanthin production (3.46 mg/L). Finally, introduction of from ATCC 19321 into the astaxanthin-producing strain enabled glycosylated astaxanthin production, and the yield reached 1.47 mg/L, which is the highest yield of microbially produced glycosylated astaxanthin reported to date.