[Pseudotargeted metabolomics analysis of pine pollen intervention in the liver of premature ovarian failure rats].

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a prevalent gynecological disease. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that POF is directly related to abnormal function of the liver and kidneys. As such, regulation of the liver metabolism through the use of medicinal and edible substances is important for the treatment of POF. Pine pollen, a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible pollen variety, contains various active substances, such as sex hormones and phytohormones, which have been used to inhibit inflammation, regulate the immune system, and protect reproductive tissues. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), this study examined the influence of pine pollen on the liver metabolome of cyclophosphamide-induced POF model Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The variations in the metabolites present in the liver tissue of control SD rats, model SD rats, and SD rats treated with various doses of pine pollen or estrogen were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) in combination with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and other multivariate statistical methods to reveal the mechanism of pine pollen intervention in the livers of POF SD rats. An animal model experiment was conducted using six groups of ten-week-old rats. Cyclophosphamide was administered intraperitoneally to the model group and four intervention groups at a dosage of 60 mg/kg for 1 d followed by a dosage of 10 mg/kg for 14 d. Within the following four weeks, each of the four intervention groups received the intragastric administration of 0.1, 0.5, or 1.5 g/kg bodyweight (BW) of pine pollen, or 0.075 g/kg BW of conjugated estrogens (positive control). Equal quantities of normal saline were administered to the control and cyclophosphamide-treated model groups. Subsequently, the rat livers were subject to pseudotargeted metabolomics, and a total of 687 liver metabolites were discovered using both positive and negative ions. The metabolites differing in content were screened using the -test (<0.05) and the fold change (FC>2 or <0.5) in univariate analysis, and the variable importance in projection (VIP>1) in multivariate analysis. It was found that in comparison with the control group, the contents of 32 metabolites significantly increased, while those of 28 metabolites significantly decreased in the model group. The majority of these metabolites were involved -linolenic acid metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, and purine metabolism, along with the lysine degradation and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolic pathways. Compared with the cyclophosphamide-induced model group, the estrogen group exhibited increased levels of 47 metabolites and decreased levels of 29 metabolites, wherein 34 metabolites were restored to the levels found in the control group. These metabolites mainly involved the vitamin B6, lysine, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, arginine and proline, and cysteine and methionine metabolic pathways. In the low/medium/high-dose pine pollen groups, the contents of 34/32/34 metabolites increased, the contents of 30/37/24 metabolites decreased, and the contents of 47/38/34 metabolites were restored to the levels found in the control group, respectively. These metabolites were mainly involved in vitamin B6 metabolism, purine metabolism, and the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolic pathway. These results therefore indicate that the restoring effect of pine pollen is equivalent or superior to that of conjugated estrogen. Additionally, based on the known metabolic pathways, it appears that when estrogen interferes with the liver metabolism, the key metabolic pathways that become affected are the arginine and proline metabolism and cysteine and methionine metabolism pathways. In contrast, pine pollen intervention affected existing metabolic pathways that were known to be disordered by cyclophosphamide. The use of pine pollen may therefore restore the levels of many metabolites. It should be noted that 23 overlaps exist between the estrogen-restored metabolites and the pine pollen-restored metabolites, including a variety of acylcarnitines, such as ACar 10∶0. As a result, pine pollen extract may be able to normalize the liver metabolic abnormalities induced by POF. This study therefore establishes a theoretical reference for the development of functional applications for pine pollen and for the treatment of POF.