Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
Haleon (formerly GSK Consumer Healthcare Pvt Ltd), United States.
Clin Nutr. 2023 Feb;42(2):216-226. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.01.001. Epub 2023 Jan 6.
Vaccination is the most effective way to confer potent and long-term protection from infectious diseases. However, poorer responses to immunization are common in young adults with sub-optimal immune health and the elderly because of immunosenescence and increased comorbidities. Recent mechanistic studies have highlighted that the microbiota and its compounds modulate many molecular pathways that can influence the host immune system. Consequently, altering the microbiota composition or activity with immunonutrition, specifically with biotic interventions (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, or postbiotics), may enhance the immune response and vaccine efficacy. This review aims to examine the available data for these biotic strategies to provide clinicians, researchers, and vaccine developers with a mechanistically driven synthesis of how biotic interventions could modulate the immune responses to vaccination. The article describes some postulated mechanistic pathways involved in immunological responses to vaccines and immunomodulation with biotic interventions. Randomized clinical trials were also reviewed to evaluate the impact of specific biotic interventions on vaccination outcomes in different age groups. Few strains and formulations significantly increased antigen-specific antibody titers in individual of all ages. However, studies have also pointed to a substantial heterogeneity that can be attributed to the difference in biotic intervention, strain, dose, viability, type of vaccine antigen, study location, as well as duration, and timing of administration. Future investigations should focus on establishing optimal strains, doses, and timing of administration with respect to vaccination, especially in the elderly and children, where vaccine effectiveness and duration of immunization matter.
接种疫苗是预防传染病最有效的方法，可以提供强大且持久的保护。然而，免疫健康状况不佳的年轻人和老年人由于免疫衰老和合并症增加，对免疫接种的反应较差。最近的机制研究强调，微生物组及其化合物可调节许多分子途径，这些途径会影响宿主的免疫系统。因此，通过免疫营养改变微生物组的组成或活性，特别是通过生物干预（益生菌、益生元、合生菌或后生元），可能会增强免疫反应和疫苗效力。本综述旨在检查这些生物策略的现有数据，为临床医生、研究人员和疫苗开发者提供关于生物干预如何调节疫苗接种免疫反应的机制驱动综合信息。文章描述了一些推测的与疫苗接种免疫反应和生物干预免疫调节相关的机制途径。还回顾了随机临床试验，以评估特定生物干预对不同年龄组疫苗接种结果的影响。少数菌株和配方确实可以提高所有年龄段个体的抗原特异性抗体滴度。然而，研究也指出存在很大的异质性，这可能归因于生物干预、菌株、剂量、活力、疫苗抗原类型、研究地点以及管理的持续时间和时间的差异。未来的研究应集中在确定与疫苗接种相关的最佳菌株、剂量和管理时间，特别是在老年人和儿童中，因为疫苗效力和免疫持续时间很重要。
