Akkam Yazan, Omari Derar, Alhmoud Hassan, Alajmi Mohammad, Akkam Nosaibah, Aljarrah Islam
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan.
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan.
Toxics. 2023 Jan 9;11(1):63. doi: 10.3390/toxics11010063.
Sex hormone disruptors (xenoestrogens) are a global concern due to their potential toxicity. However, to date, there has been no study to investigate the presence of xenoestrogen pollutants in the Jordanian water system. Samples in triplicates were collected from six locations in Jordan, including dams, surface water, tap or faucet water, and filtered water (drinking water-local company). Xenoestrogens were then extracted and evaluated with a yeast estrogen screen utilizing Later, possible pollutants were mined using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with a Bruker impact II Q-TOF-MS. Possible hits were identified using MetaboScape software (4000 compounds), which includes pesticide, pharmaceutical pollutant, veterinary drug, and toxic compound databases and a special library of 75 possible xenoestrogens. The presence of xenoestrogens in vegetable samples collected from two different locations was also investigated. The total estrogen equivalents according to the YES system were 2.9 ± 1.2, 9.5 ± 5, 2.5 ± 1.5, 1.4 ± 0.9 ng/L for King Talal Dam, As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant, King Abdullah Canal, and tap water, respectively. In Almujeb Dam and drinking water, the estrogenic activity was below the detection limit. Numbers of identified xenoestrogens were: As-Samra Wastewater Treatment Plant 27 pollutants, King Talal Dam 20 pollutants, Almujeb Dam 10 pollutants, King Abdullah Canal 16 pollutants, Irbid tap water 32 pollutants, Amman tap water 30 pollutants, drinking water 3 pollutants, and vegetables 7 pollutants. However, a large number of compounds remained unknown. Xenoestrogen pollutants were detected in all tested samples, but the total estrogenic capacities were within the acceptable range. The major source of xenoestrogen pollutants was agricultural resources. Risk evaluations for low xenoestrogen activity should be taken into account, and thorough pesticide monitoring systems and regular inspections should also be established.
由于其潜在毒性，性激素干扰物（外源性雌激素）已成为全球关注的问题。然而，迄今为止，尚未有研究调查约旦水系统中外源性雌激素污染物的存在情况。从约旦的六个地点采集了一式三份的样本，包括水坝、地表水、自来水或龙头水以及过滤水（当地饮用水公司提供）。然后利用酵母雌激素筛选法提取并评估外源性雌激素，随后，使用超高效液相色谱（UPLC）与布鲁克impact II Q-TOF-MS联用对可能的污染物进行挖掘。使用MetaboScape软件（4000种化合物）鉴定可能的命中物，该软件包括农药、药物污染物、兽药和有毒化合物数据库以及一个包含75种可能外源性雌激素的特殊库。还调查了从两个不同地点采集的蔬菜样本中外源性雌激素的存在情况。根据酵母雌激素筛选系统，塔拉勒国王水坝、阿斯萨姆拉废水处理厂、阿卜杜拉国王运河和自来水的总雌激素当量分别为2.9±1.2、9.5±5、2.5±1.5、1.4±0.9纳克/升。在阿尔穆杰布水坝和饮用水中，雌激素活性低于检测限。已鉴定的外源性雌激素数量分别为：阿斯萨姆拉废水处理厂27种污染物、塔拉勒国王水坝20种污染物、阿尔穆杰布水坝10种污染物、阿卜杜拉国王运河16种污染物、伊尔比德自来水32种污染物、安曼自来水30种污染物、饮用水3种污染物和蔬菜7种污染物。然而，大量化合物仍未明确。在所有测试样本中均检测到外源性雌激素污染物，但总雌激素能力在可接受范围内。外源性雌激素污染物的主要来源是农业资源。应考虑对外源性雌激素低活性进行风险评估，还应建立完善的农药监测系统并定期进行检查。
