Martínez-Martínez Sergio, Pérez-Villarejo Luis, Eliche-Quesada Dolores, Sánchez-Soto Pedro J
Department of Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
Institute of Materials Science of Sevilla (ICMS), Joint Center of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), University of Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.
Materials (Basel). 2023 Jan 13;16(2):802. doi: 10.3390/ma16020802.
The cement manufacturing industry is one of the main greenhouse gas emission producers and also consumes a large quantity of raw materials. It is essential to reduce these emissions in order to comply with the Paris Agreement and the principles of the circular economy. The objective of this research was to develop different types of cement clinker blends using industrial waste and innovative design to produce low-energy cement. Several types of waste have been studied as alternative raw materials. Their main characteristics have been analyzed via X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Attenuated total reflectance Fourier trans-form infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DSC) and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (SEM-EDS). The results obtained from the experimental work carried out in this research focused on the study of crude blends for low-energy cement created from industrial waste. The effect of the addition of different industrial waste types, as a substitution for raw materials, in the production of low-energy cement with high dicalcium silicate content has been investigated. Thus, the dosage design has been performed using modified Bogue equations and quality indexes (LSF, AM, and SM). The calculations of both the modified Bogue equations and quality indexes necessitate knowledge of the weight percentages of CaO, SiO, AlO, and FeO, determined via XRF. In this theoretical design of the different blends, it has been established that a dicalcium silicate ratio of 60-65 wt % and an LSF of 78-83% as the limit are values common to all of them. The calculation basis for the crude blends has been based on calcined materials. Therefore, the chemical composition was established, following this premise. Thus, it was possible to develop cement clinker blends with compositions of 50 wt % and 100 wt % using industrial wastes. This research has shown that the clinkerization process is one of the main options for the valorization of waste and its consideration for inclusion as a raw material within the circularity of the cement industry's production process. Thus, waste is used as a raw material for the production of a more useful substance, taking into account the fundamental principles of the circular economy.
水泥制造业是主要的温室气体排放源之一，并且还消耗大量原材料。为了遵守《巴黎协定》和循环经济原则，减少这些排放至关重要。本研究的目的是利用工业废弃物和创新设计开发不同类型的水泥熟料混合物，以生产低能耗水泥。已对几种类型的废弃物作为替代原材料进行了研究。通过X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）、X射线衍射法（XRD）、衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱法（ATR-FTIR）、热分析（TG-DTG-DSC）以及扫描电子显微镜和能量色散X射线光谱分析（SEM-EDS）对其主要特性进行了分析。本研究通过实验工作获得的结果集中于对由工业废弃物制成的低能耗水泥的原始混合物的研究。研究了添加不同类型工业废弃物作为原材料替代品，在生产高硅酸二钙含量的低能耗水泥中的作用。因此，使用修正的博古方程和质量指标（石灰饱和系数、铝率和硅率）进行了剂量设计。修正的博古方程和质量指标的计算都需要通过XRF测定CaO、SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃的重量百分比。在不同混合物的这种理论设计中，已确定硅酸二钙比例为60-65 wt%以及石灰饱和系数为78-83%作为极限是所有混合物共有的值。原始混合物的计算基础基于煅烧材料。因此，在此前提下确定了化学成分。这样，就有可能利用工业废弃物开发出成分分别为50 wt%和100 wt%的水泥熟料混合物。本研究表明，熟料煅烧过程是废弃物增值利用的主要选择之一，并且应考虑将其作为原材料纳入水泥行业生产过程的循环中。因此，考虑到循环经济的基本原则，废弃物被用作生产更有用物质的原材料。
