Dhawan Manish, Rabaan Ali A, Fawarah Mahmoud M Al, Almuthree Souad A, Alsubki Roua A, Alfaraj Amal H, Mashraqi Mutaib M, Alshamrani Saleh A, Abduljabbar Wesam A, Alwashmi Ameen S S, Ibrahim Fatimah Al, Alsaleh Abdulmonem A, Khamis Faryal, Alsalman Jameela, Sharma Manish, Emran Talha Bin
Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India.
Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK.
Vaccines (Basel). 2023 Jan 1;11(1):101. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11010101.
The emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 and their abilities to evade the immune response elicited through presently available vaccination makes it essential to recognize the mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 interacts with the human immune response. It is essential not only to comprehend the infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 but also for the generation of effective and reliable vaccines against COVID-19. The effectiveness of the vaccine is supported by the adaptive immune response, which mainly consists of B and T cells, which play a critical role in deciding the prognosis of the COVID-19 disease. T cells are essential for reducing the viral load and containing the infection. A plethora of viral proteins can be recognized by T cells and provide a broad range of protection, especially amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2. However, the hyperactivation of the effector T cells and reduced number of lymphocytes have been found to be the key characteristics of the severe disease. Notably, excessive T cell activation may cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by producing unwarranted and excessive amounts of cytokines and chemokines. Nevertheless, it is still unknown how T-cell-mediated immune responses function in determining the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, it is unknown how the functional perturbations in the T cells lead to the severe form of the disease and to reduced protection not only against SARS-CoV-2 but many other viral infections. Hence, an updated review has been developed to understand the involvement of T cells in the infection mechanism, which in turn determines the prognosis of the disease. Importantly, we have also focused on the T cells' exhaustion under certain conditions and how these functional perturbations can be modulated for an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, a range of therapeutic strategies has been discussed that can elevate the T cell-mediated immune response either directly or indirectly.
严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）新变种的出现及其逃避现有疫苗引发的免疫反应的能力，使得认识SARS-CoV-2与人类免疫反应相互作用的机制至关重要。这不仅对于理解SARS-CoV-2的感染机制至关重要，而且对于研发针对2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）的有效且可靠的疫苗也至关重要。疫苗的有效性由适应性免疫反应支持，适应性免疫反应主要由B细胞和T细胞组成，它们在决定COVID-19疾病的预后中起关键作用。T细胞对于降低病毒载量和控制感染至关重要。T细胞可以识别大量病毒蛋白，并提供广泛的保护，尤其是在SARS-CoV-2新变种出现的情况下。然而，效应T细胞的过度激活和淋巴细胞数量的减少已被发现是重症疾病的关键特征。值得注意的是，过度的T细胞激活可能通过产生不必要的过量细胞因子和趋化因子而导致急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）。然而，T细胞介导的免疫反应在决定SARS-CoV-2感染的预后中如何发挥作用仍然未知。此外，T细胞的功能紊乱如何导致疾病的严重形式以及不仅针对SARS-CoV-2而且针对许多其他病毒感染的保护作用降低也尚不清楚。因此，已开展了一项更新的综述，以了解T细胞在感染机制中的参与情况，而这反过来又决定了疾病的预后。重要的是，我们还关注了在某些条件下T细胞的耗竭以及如何调节这些功能紊乱以产生针对SARS-CoV-2的有效免疫反应。此外，还讨论了一系列可以直接或间接增强T细胞介导的免疫反应的治疗策略。
