Singh Jagdeep, Chhabra Bhavit, Raza Ali, Yang Seung Hwan, Sandhu Karansher S
Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States.
Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.
Front Plant Sci. 2023 Jan 12;13:1010191. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1010191. eCollection 2022.
Wheat is a crop of historical significance, as it marks the turning point of human civilization 10,000 years ago with its domestication. Due to the rapid increase in population, wheat production needs to be increased by 50% by 2050 and this growth will be mainly based on yield increases, as there is strong competition for scarce productive arable land from other sectors. This increasing demand can be further achieved using sustainable approaches including integrated disease pest management, adaption to warmer climates, less use of water resources and increased frequency of abiotic stress tolerances. Out of 200 diseases of wheat, 50 cause economic losses and are widely distributed. Each year, about 20% of wheat is lost due to diseases. Some major wheat diseases are rusts, smut, tan spot, spot blotch, fusarium head blight, common root rot, septoria blotch, powdery mildew, blast, and several viral, nematode, and bacterial diseases. These diseases badly impact the yield and cause mortality of the plants. This review focuses on important diseases of the wheat present in the United States, with comprehensive information of causal organism, economic damage, symptoms and host range, favorable conditions, and disease management strategies. Furthermore, major genetic and breeding efforts to control and manage these diseases are discussed. A detailed description of all the QTLs, genes reported and cloned for these diseases are provided in this review. This study will be of utmost importance to wheat breeding programs throughout the world to breed for resistance under changing environmental conditions.
小麦是一种具有历史意义的作物，因为一万年前它的驯化标志着人类文明的转折点。由于人口的快速增长，到2050年小麦产量需要提高50%，而这种增长将主要基于单产的提高，因为其他部门对稀缺的可耕地存在激烈竞争。利用包括病虫害综合管理、适应气候变暖、减少水资源利用以及提高非生物胁迫耐受性频率等可持续方法，可以进一步满足这种不断增长的需求。在小麦的200种病害中，有50种会造成经济损失且分布广泛。每年，约20%的小麦因病害而损失。一些主要的小麦病害包括锈病、黑粉病、黄斑病、叶斑病、赤霉病、根腐病、壳针孢叶枯病、白粉病、稻瘟病以及几种病毒病、线虫病和细菌病。这些病害严重影响产量并导致植株死亡。本综述聚焦于美国存在的小麦重要病害，提供了病原菌、经济损失、症状和寄主范围、适宜条件以及病害管理策略的全面信息。此外，还讨论了控制和管理这些病害的主要遗传和育种工作。本综述提供了针对这些病害报道和克隆的所有数量性状位点（QTL）及基因的详细描述。这项研究对于全世界的小麦育种项目在不断变化的环境条件下培育抗病品种至关重要。
