Sustainable microbial solutions for managing fungal threats in wheat: progress and future directions.

Biotrophic and necrotrophic fungi are responsible for causing a range of diseases in wheat, resulting in significant economic losses and a decline in quality. Effective management of these diseases generally involves a combination of resistance breeding, chemical treatments, and cultural practices. However, traditional breeding methods have made limited progress due to the slow pace of genetic improvements, the complexity of the wheat genome, and the quantitative nature of disease resistance traits, along with the constantly evolving virulence of pathogens. This situation has prompted research into more effective and eco-friendly alternatives, such as biological control. Recent studies have concentrated on using antagonistic microbes to decrease the reliance on chemical pesticides while enhancing wheat health and productivity. A comprehensive overview of current knowledge on wheat disease outbreaks is being developed, with a focus on advancements in biological control strategies. The review will first discuss the key fungal pathogens and their associated diseases, followed by a summary of biological control methods, particularly emphasizing potential microbial antagonists. Additionally, it will explore strategies to improve the efficacy of biocontrol agents, which are crucial for a holistic and sustainable approach to wheat disease management. Ultimately, the article will highlight the role of biological control in promoting more sustainable agricultural practices, particularly concerning wheat diseases, in alignment with the UN sustainable development goals.