Md Isa Zaleha, Ismail Noor Hassim, Mohd Tamil Azmi, Jaafar Mohd Hasni, Ismail Rosnah, Mohamed Noor Khan Nor Ashikin, Mat Nasir Nafiza, Ab Razak Nurul Hafiza, Zainol Abidin Najihah, Yusof Khairul Hazdi
Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Cheras, Malaysia.
Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
BMC Nutr. 2023 Jan 30;9(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s40795-022-00648-y.
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rising rapidly in Malaysia. Modifying dietary intake is key to both the prevention and treatment of T2DM. This study aims to investigate the pattern of macronutrient intake among T2DM patients in Malaysia.
This study was carried out on adults aged between 35 and 70 years, residing in urban and rural Malaysian communities. A series of standardised questionnaires was used to assess the sociodemographic information, dietary intake and physical activity level of 15,353 respondents who provided informed consent to participate in this study. Blood sampling (finger prick test) and physical examination were performed to obtain blood glucose and anthropometric data, respectively. The Chi-square test was used to assess differences in the trends of macronutrient intake among T2DM patients.
The total number of participants diagnosed with T2DM in this study was 2254. Of these, 453 (20.1%) were newly diagnosed, 1156 (51.3%) were diagnosed for ≤5 years and 645 (28.6%) were diagnosed for > 5 years. Male patients show that there were significant differences among the three groups of T2DM according to the following variables: age, BMI, residency, participant comorbidity of hypertension, family history of T2DM and hypertension, and active smoker. Meanwhile, female patients show significant differences among the three groups of T2DM according to the following variables: age, BMI, marital status, education level, residency, participant comorbidity of hypertension and family history of T2DM. Most of the male patients consumed appropriate proportions of carbohydrate (458, 60.7%) and protein (618, 81.9%). However, female patients did not show any significant differences of the macronutrients intake among the three groups of T2DM patients.
The pattern of dietary intake among T2DM patients in this study showed consumption of carbohydrate and protein within the range of Malaysian RNI, coupled with high fat intake. Compliance with the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) was satisfactory for both carbohydrate and protein but not for fat. The pattern indicated a preference for fat rather than protein when carbohydrate intake was restricted.
马来西亚2型糖尿病（T2DM）的发病率正在迅速上升。调整饮食摄入是预防和治疗T2DM的关键。本研究旨在调查马来西亚T2DM患者的宏量营养素摄入模式。
本研究针对年龄在35至70岁之间、居住在马来西亚城乡社区的成年人开展。使用一系列标准化问卷评估了15353名同意参与本研究的受访者的社会人口统计学信息、饮食摄入和身体活动水平。分别进行了血液采样（指尖采血检测）和体格检查以获取血糖和人体测量数据。采用卡方检验评估T2DM患者宏量营养素摄入趋势的差异。
本研究中诊断为T2DM的参与者总数为2254人。其中，453人（20.1%）为新诊断患者，1156人（51.3%）诊断时间≤5年，645人（28.6%）诊断时间>5年。男性患者显示，根据以下变量，T2DM的三组之间存在显著差异：年龄、体重指数、居住情况、高血压合并症、T2DM和高血压家族史以及现吸烟者。同时，女性患者显示，根据以下变量，T2DM的三组之间存在显著差异：年龄、体重指数、婚姻状况、教育水平、居住情况、高血压合并症和T2DM家族史。大多数男性患者碳水化合物（458人，60.7%）和蛋白质（618人，81.9%）摄入比例合适。然而，女性患者在T2DM患者的三组之间宏量营养素摄入未显示任何显著差异。
本研究中T2DM患者的饮食摄入模式显示碳水化合物和蛋白质的摄入量在马来西亚推荐营养素摄入量范围内，但脂肪摄入量较高。碳水化合物和蛋白质对推荐营养素摄入量（RNI）的依从性令人满意，但脂肪则不然。该模式表明，当碳水化合物摄入量受到限制时，更倾向于摄入脂肪而非蛋白质。
