Fayaz Shima, Bahrami Fariborz, Parvizi Parviz, Fard-Esfahani Pezhman, Ajdary Soheila
Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Iran J Microbiol. 2022 Dec;14(6):792-801. doi: 10.18502/ijm.v14i6.11253.
Leishmaniases are a group of vector-borne parasitic diseases transmitted through the infected sand flies. parasites are inoculated into the host skin along with sand fly saliva. The sand fly saliva consists of biologically active molecules with anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Such properties help the parasite circumvent the host's immune responses. The salivary compounds support the survival and multiplication of the parasite and facilitate the disease progression. It is documented that frequent exposure to uninfected sand fly bites produces neutralizing antibodies against specific salivary proteins and further activates the cellular mechanisms to prevent the establishment of the disease. The immune responses due to sand fly saliva are highly specific and depend on the composition of the salivary molecules. Hence, thorough knowledge of these compounds in different sand fly species and information about their antigenicity are paramount to designing an effective vaccine. Herein, we review the composition of the sand fly saliva, immunomodulatory properties of some of its components, immune responses to its proteins, and potential vaccine candidates against leishmaniases.
利什曼病是一组通过受感染的白蛉传播的媒介传播寄生虫病。寄生虫与白蛉唾液一起接种到宿主皮肤中。白蛉唾液由具有抗凝、抗炎和免疫调节特性的生物活性分子组成。这些特性有助于寄生虫规避宿主的免疫反应。唾液化合物支持寄生虫的存活和繁殖，并促进疾病进展。据记载，频繁接触未感染的白蛉叮咬会产生针对特定唾液蛋白的中和抗体，并进一步激活细胞机制以预防疾病的发生。由于白蛉唾液引起的免疫反应具有高度特异性，并取决于唾液分子的组成。因此，深入了解不同白蛉物种中的这些化合物及其抗原性信息对于设计有效的疫苗至关重要。在此，我们综述了白蛉唾液的组成、其某些成分的免疫调节特性、对其蛋白质的免疫反应以及针对利什曼病的潜在候选疫苗。
