(In)Equity and Primary Health Care: The Case of Costa Rica and Panama.

The 1970s marked a significant opportunity for improving primary health care globally. Yet, political will and widescale investment to achieve "health for all" vastly diverged in countries across the Americas in the decades that followed. Distinct ideologies and models of health care emerged following commitments to social investment, equity, and community participation at Alma-Ata. In the 1970s, Costa Rica scaled up its national health system and increased broad social investment. In Panama, the establishment of the Ministry of Health in 1969 coincided with broad state investment in primary health care, yet the emergence of neoliberal models based on efficiency and privatization in the decades that followed undermined efforts toward health equity. Models of state-sanctioned investment and policies diverged in their framing of ideas about the right to health, characterized by broad social investment in Costa Rica addressing the structural factors of ill health versus financing stratified health systems and select biomedical interventions in Panama. These case studies describe the historical, political, economic, and social dimensions that account for the distinct framing of ideas about right to health and health equity and enabled Costa Rica to diverge as a country with one of the most effective health systems in the region.