Donald Carey E, Nakken Charlotte L, Sørhus Elin, Perrichon Prescilla, Jørgensen Kåre B, Bjelland Hege K, Stølen Christine, Kancherla Sindhu, Mayer Philipp, Meier Sonnich
Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2023 Mar 22;25(3):594-608. doi: 10.1039/d2em00357k.
Tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are believed to be the primary toxic components of crude oil. Such compounds including phenanthrene are known to have direct effects on cardiac tissue, which lead to malformations during organogenesis in early life stage fish. We tested a suite of 13 alkyl-phenanthrenes to compare uptake and developmental toxicity in early life stage haddock () embryos during gastrulation/organogenesis beginning at 2 days post fertilization passive dosing. The alkyl-phenanthrenes were tested at their solubility limits, and three of them also at lower concentrations. Measured body burdens were linearly related to measured water concentrations. All compounds elicited one or more significant morphological defects or functional impairment, such as decreased length, smaller eye area, shorter jaw length, and increased incidence of body axis deformities and eye deformities. The profile of developmental toxicities appeared unrelated to the position of alkyl substitution, and gene expression of cytochrome 1 a () was low regardless of alkylation. Mortality and sublethal effects were observed below the expected range for baseline toxicity, thus indicating excess toxicity. Additionally, PAH concentrations that resulted in toxic effects here were far greater than when measured in whole crude oil exposures that cause toxicity. This work demonstrates that, while these phenanthrenes are toxic to early life stage fish, they cannot individually account for most of the developmental toxicity of crude oil, and that other compounds and/or mixture effects should be given more consideration.
三环多环芳烃（PAHs）被认为是原油的主要有毒成分。已知包括菲在内的此类化合物会对心脏组织产生直接影响，这会导致幼鱼早期生命阶段器官形成过程中出现畸形。我们测试了一组13种烷基菲，以比较在受精后2天开始的原肠胚形成/器官形成阶段，早期幼体黑线鳕胚胎在被动给药情况下的吸收和发育毒性。烷基菲在其溶解度极限下进行测试，其中三种还在较低浓度下进行测试。测得的体内负荷与测得的水体浓度呈线性相关。所有化合物均引发一种或多种显著的形态缺陷或功能损害，如体长减少、眼面积变小、颌长变短以及体轴畸形和眼畸形的发生率增加。发育毒性特征似乎与烷基取代位置无关，并且无论烷基化情况如何，细胞色素1a（）的基因表达都很低。在低于基线毒性预期范围时观察到了死亡率和亚致死效应，因此表明存在过量毒性。此外，此处导致毒性效应的PAH浓度远高于在导致毒性的全原油暴露中测得的浓度。这项工作表明，虽然这些菲对幼鱼早期生命阶段有毒，但它们不能单独解释原油的大部分发育毒性，其他化合物和/或混合效应应得到更多考虑。
