Mallah Manthar Ali, Soomro Tahmina, Noreen Sobia, Ali Mukhtiar, Kafle Akriti, Khatoon Nafeesa, Naveed Muhammad
College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Department of Sociology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur.
Int J Rehabil Res. 2023 Mar 1;46(1):14-25. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0000000000000565. Epub 2023 Jan 18.
Obesity has recently emerged as one of the most severe health concerns. Obesity is a key autonomous risk factor for heart failure and contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic abnormalities. Obesity is caused by a metabolic imbalance, which occurs when calories burnt are fewer than the number of calories consumed. There are several pathways accountable for the adverse impacts of obesity on the cardiovascular system. Inflammatory cell infiltration develops in the adipose tissue, the pancreas, and other issues similar to the progression of obesity. Inflammation is triggered by immune cells that invade dysfunctional adipose tissue. The atherosclerotic inflammation phase, related to obesity, induces coronary calcification. Obesity is linked to elevated levels of leptin and high blood pressure. Leptin causes systemic vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and increased blood pressure by influencing the synthesis of nitric oxide and activating the sympathetic nervous system. Obesity is a well-known risk factor for CVD and is one of the leading causes of the greater risk of diseases, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, depression, metabolic syndrome, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure in adults and children. When used with dietary improvements, antiobesity drugs improve the probability of experiencing clinically healthy (5%) weight loss. This review aimed to address the consequences of obesity on cardiac structure and function, risk factors, the impact of the obesity paradox, pharmacological treatment strategies for managing and recommended exercise and diet.
肥胖最近已成为最严重的健康问题之一。肥胖是心力衰竭的一个关键自主危险因素，并促成心血管疾病（CVD）的危险因素，如高血压、2型糖尿病和代谢异常。肥胖是由代谢失衡引起的，当燃烧的卡路里少于消耗的卡路里数量时就会发生这种情况。有几种途径可解释肥胖对心血管系统的不利影响。在脂肪组织、胰腺和其他与肥胖进展类似的组织中会出现炎症细胞浸润。炎症是由侵入功能失调脂肪组织的免疫细胞引发的。与肥胖相关的动脉粥样硬化炎症阶段会导致冠状动脉钙化。肥胖与瘦素水平升高和高血压有关。瘦素通过影响一氧化氮的合成和激活交感神经系统，导致全身血管收缩、钠潴留和血压升高。肥胖是心血管疾病的一个众所周知的危险因素，是包括血脂异常、高血压、抑郁症、代谢综合征、心房颤动以及成人和儿童心力衰竭在内的疾病风险增加的主要原因之一。与饮食改善一起使用时，抗肥胖药物可提高实现临床上健康（5%）体重减轻的可能性。本综述旨在探讨肥胖对心脏结构和功能的影响、危险因素、肥胖悖论的影响、管理肥胖的药物治疗策略以及推荐的运动和饮食。
