Manzoor Ikra, Samantara Kajal, Bhat Momin Showkat, Farooq Iqra, Bhat Khalid Mushtaq, Mir Mohammad Amin, Wani Shabir Hussain
Division of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Front Plant Sci. 2023 Jan 19;13:1048217. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1048217. eCollection 2022.
Genetic improvement of temperate fruit and nut crops through conventional breeding methods is not sufficient alone due to its extreme time-consuming, cost-intensive, and hard-to-handle approach. Again, few other constraints that are associated with these species, ., their long juvenile period, high heterozygosity, sterility, presence of sexual incompatibility, polyploidy, etc., make their selection and improvement process more complicated. Therefore, to promote precise and accurate selection of plants based on their genotypes, supplement of advanced biotechnological tools, ., molecular marker approaches along with traditional breeding methods, is highly required in these species. Different markers, especially the molecular ones, enable direct selection of genomic regions governing the trait of interest such as high quality, yield, and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses instead of the trait itself, thus saving the overall time and space and helping screen fruit quality and other related desired traits at early stages. The availability of molecular markers like SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism), DArT (Diversity Arrays Technology) markers, and dense molecular genetic maps in crop plants, including fruit and nut crops, led to a revelation of facts from genetic markers, thus assisting in precise line selection. This review highlighted several aspects of the molecular marker approach that opens up tremendous possibilities to reveal valuable information about genetic diversity and phylogeny to boost the efficacy of selection in temperate fruit crops through genome sequencing and thus cultivar improvement with respect to adaptability and biotic and abiotic stress resistance in temperate fruit and nut species.
通过传统育种方法对温带水果和坚果作物进行遗传改良，单靠这种方法是不够的，因为它极其耗时、成本高昂且操作困难。此外，与这些物种相关的其他一些限制因素，例如它们的幼年期长、杂合度高、不育、存在性不亲和、多倍体等，使得它们的选择和改良过程更加复杂。因此，为了促进基于植物基因型的精确和准确选择，在这些物种中非常需要补充先进的生物技术工具，即分子标记方法以及传统育种方法。不同的标记，尤其是分子标记，能够直接选择控制感兴趣性状（如高品质、产量以及对非生物和生物胁迫的抗性）的基因组区域，而不是性状本身，从而节省了整体时间和空间，并有助于在早期阶段筛选果实品质和其他相关的期望性状。包括水果和坚果作物在内的农作物中，单核苷酸多态性（SNP）、多样性阵列技术（DArT）标记等分子标记以及密集分子遗传图谱的可用性，揭示了遗传标记的一些事实，从而有助于精确的品系选择。本综述强调了分子标记方法的几个方面，这些方面为揭示有关遗传多样性和系统发育的有价值信息开辟了巨大可能性，以通过基因组测序提高温带水果作物选择的效率，从而在温带水果和坚果物种的适应性以及生物和非生物胁迫抗性方面改良品种。
