AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India.
Nitte University Centre for Science and Educational Research, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India.
PeerJ. 2023 Feb 1;11:e14632. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14632. eCollection 2023.
Although several materials have been used for retrograde filling following apical surgeries, there is no consensus on a single best material. Tricalcium silicate-based types of cement have been developed as root-end filling materials mainly due to tricalcium silicate's hydraulic properties. However, its unfavorable setting characteristics and minimal antimicrobial properties have necessitated the introduction of new additives into the existing commercially available materials. To design an affordable product based on a dicalcium silicate with a shorter set time, minimal cytotoxic complications, and enhanced antibacterial activity, we developed a new endodontic cement from pure raw materials, intending to satisfy the prerequisites of ideal retrograde material.
The composition of the experimental calcium silicate-based cement included the addition of calcium chloride and silver nanoparticles in varying concentrations. Structural characterization was carried out using energy dispersive analysis by X-rays using scanning electron microscope (EDAX SEM) and hydration characteristics were performed using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The experimental material was further evaluated for biocompatibility using MTT ([3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide)assay and antibacterial activity was evaluated using an agar diffusion test against .
The structural characterization and hydration characteristics revealed that the experimental cement was dicalcium silicate based with favorable biocompatibility and enhanced antibacterial activity. Tricalcium silicate based mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) also had favourable biocompatibility, however, its antibacterial activity was significantly decreased when compared to the novel cement.
All hydraulic cements that are available in the dental market are predominantly tricalcium silicate-based materials. There has been no evidence in the literature to date wherein it has been explored whether a dicalcium silicate-based hydraulic cement can solely be used in root-end cavities. The findings of the study revealed a dicalcium silicate based retrograde filling material with favourable biocompatibility exhibited immediately as well as in the set samples. Incorporation of silver nanoparticles boosted the antibacterial activity when compared to that of ProRoot MTA. This material could potentially reinstate the usual hype created with tricalcium silicate types of cement since dicalcium silicate cements also exhibit similar properties.
尽管已有多种材料用于根尖手术后的逆行填充，但对于单一最佳材料尚无共识。硅酸三钙基水泥已作为根管填充材料开发，主要是由于硅酸三钙的水合性能。然而，其不利的凝固特性和最小的抗菌性能需要在现有的市售材料中引入新的添加剂。为了设计一种基于硅酸二钙的、具有较短凝固时间、最小细胞毒性并发症和增强抗菌活性的经济型产品，我们从纯原料中开发了一种新型的根管水泥，旨在满足理想逆行材料的前提条件。
实验性钙硅酸钠基水泥的组成包括以不同浓度添加氯化钙和银纳米粒子。使用扫描电子显微镜（EDAX SEM）的能量色散 X 射线分析进行结构表征，并使用 X 射线衍射仪（XRD）进行水化特性分析。使用 MTT（[3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基-2H-四唑溴盐）测定法进一步评估实验材料的生物相容性，并用琼脂扩散试验评估对 的抗菌活性。
结构表征和水化特性表明，实验水泥是硅酸二钙基的，具有良好的生物相容性和增强的抗菌活性。矿物三氧化物聚合体（MTA）也是基于硅酸三钙的，具有良好的生物相容性，但与新型水泥相比，其抗菌活性显著降低。
目前文献中尚无证据表明，是否可以单独使用硅酸二钙基液压水泥填充根管末端腔。研究结果表明，一种具有良好生物相容性的硅酸二钙基逆行填充材料，即刻和凝固后均表现出良好的生物相容性。与 ProRoot MTA 相比，银纳米粒子的加入增强了抗菌活性。这种材料有可能恢复硅酸三钙基水泥通常所带来的轰动效应，因为硅酸二钙基水泥也具有类似的性能。
