Yang J, Monnot M, Sun Y, Asia L, Wong-Wah-Chung P, Doumenq P, Moulin P
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Marseille, France; Present affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, M2P2, Equipe Procédés Membranaires (EPM), Marseille, France.
Water Res. 2023 Apr 1;232:119673. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119673. Epub 2023 Jan 28.
The distribution and fate of microplastics in different water sources and their treatment plants (seawater, three municipal wastewaters, a pharmaceutical factory wastewater, and three drinking waters) in France were studied. Currently, research in this field is still under exploration since almost no relevant standards or policies have been introduced for the detection, the removal, or the discharge of microplastics. This study used an improved quantitative and qualitative analytical methodology for microplastic detection by μ-FTIR carried out with siMPle analytical software. By investigation, wastewater was determined to contain the most abundant microplastics in quantity (4,203-42,000 MP·L), then followed by surface water/groundwater (153-19,836 MP·L) and seawater (around 420 MP·L). Polyethylene was the dominant material in almost all water types followed by polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Almost all treatment technologies could remove microplastics whatever the feed water types and concentration of microplastics, though some treatment processes or transport pipes could cause additional contamination from microplastics. The four WWTPs, three DWTPs, and SWTP in France provided, respectively, 87.8-99.8%, 82.3-99.9%, 69.0-96.0% removal/retention of MPs in quantity, and provided 97.3-100%, 91.9-99.9%, 92.2-98.1% removal/retention of MPs in surface area. Moreover, ultrafiltration was confirmed to be an effective technology for microplastic retention and control of dimensions of microplastics in smaller ranges both in field-scale and lab-scale experiments. The 200 kDa ultrafiltration membrane could retain 70-100% and 80-100% of microplastics in quantity and in surface area, respectively.
对法国不同水源及其处理厂（海水、三种城市污水、一种制药厂废水和三种饮用水）中微塑料的分布和归宿进行了研究。目前，该领域的研究仍在探索中，因为几乎没有针对微塑料的检测、去除或排放出台相关标准或政策。本研究使用了一种改进的定量和定性分析方法，通过μ-FTIR结合siMPle分析软件进行微塑料检测。通过调查发现，废水中微塑料数量最多（4203 - 42000个/升），其次是地表水/地下水（153 - 19836个/升）和海水（约420个/升）。几乎所有水类型中，聚乙烯都是主要材料，其次是聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯。几乎所有处理技术都能去除微塑料，无论进水类型和微塑料浓度如何，不过一些处理工艺或输送管道可能会导致微塑料产生额外污染。法国的四座污水处理厂、三座饮用水处理厂和一座海水处理厂分别对微塑料数量的去除/截留率为87.8% - 99.8%、82.3% - 99.9%、69.0% - 96.0%，对微塑料表面积的去除/截留率为97.3% - 100%、91.9% - 99.9%、92.2% - 98.1%。此外，在现场规模和实验室规模实验中，超滤被证实是一种有效截留微塑料并将其尺寸控制在较小范围内的技术。200 kDa的超滤膜对微塑料数量和表面积的截留率分别可达70% - 100%和80% - 100%。
