Caselli Marta, Russo Emilio, Guéry Jean-Pascal, Demuru Elisa, Norscia Ivan
Department of Life Science and System Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy.
La Vallée des Singes, 86700 Romagne, France.
Animals (Basel). 2023 Jan 26;13(3):410. doi: 10.3390/ani13030410.
The welfare of captive animals relies on numerous factors. Keepers can affect animals' welfare and this could especially apply to emotionally and cognitively complex species, such as great apes. We collected video data over three months on 17 bonobos (La Vallée des Singes, France) and extracted five behaviours (play, aggression, anxiety, gestures, sociosexual interactions) -during two-minute slots-under three conditions: keeper-present/food-unavailable; keeper-present/food-available; keeper-absent/food-unavailable. We ran generalized linear models to investigate whether behavioral frequencies were affected by food presence/quality and keeper familiarity. Anxiety-related behaviors increased when the keeper was present and in absence of food, due to food expectation. Sociosexual interactions increased in presence of more familiar keepers and in absence of food, maybe to decrease the tension around food. Gestures increased in presence of more familiar keepers and with low-quality food, which was provided in large 'catchable' pieces. Aggression levels increased with high-quality food with no effect of keeper. Play behavior was not affected by any variable. Hence, bonobos were affected not just by food but also by keeper features. Considering multiple variables in the 'welfare equation' can improve captive management and increase the well-being of bonobos, a species that is much closer to humans than to other non-human animals.
圈养动物的福利取决于众多因素。饲养员会影响动物的福利，这在情感和认知复杂的物种中尤为明显，比如大猩猩。我们在三个月的时间里收集了法国拉瓦勒德辛热斯17只倭黑猩猩的视频数据，并在三种情况下，即饲养员在场/无食物；饲养员在场/有食物；饲养员不在场/无食物，在两分钟的时间段内提取了五种行为（玩耍、攻击、焦虑、手势、社交性行为）。我们运行广义线性模型来研究行为频率是否受到食物的存在/质量以及与饲养员熟悉程度的影响。由于对食物的期待，当饲养员在场且没有食物时，与焦虑相关的行为会增加。在与更熟悉的饲养员相处且没有食物的情况下，社交性行为会增加，这可能是为了缓解围绕食物产生的紧张情绪。在与更熟悉的饲养员相处以及提供低质量食物（以大的“可抓取”块状提供）的情况下，手势会增加。攻击水平会随着高质量食物的出现而增加，且不受饲养员的影响。玩耍行为不受任何变量的影响。因此，倭黑猩猩不仅受到食物的影响，还受到饲养员特征的影响。在“福利等式”中考虑多个变量可以改善圈养管理，并提高倭黑猩猩的福祉，倭黑猩猩与人类的亲缘关系比其他非人类动物更近。
