Electrochemical Mechanisms and Optimization System of Nitrate Removal from Groundwater by Polymetallic Nanoelectrodes.

Zn-Cu-TiO polymetallic nanoelectrodes were developed using Ti electrodes as the substrate. The reaction performance and pollutant removal mechanism of the electrodes were studied for different technological conditions by analyzing the electrochemical properties of the electrodes in the electrochemical system, using Ti, TiO, Cu-TiO, and Zn-Cu-TiO electrodes as cathodes and Pt as the anode. The Tafel curve was used for measuring the corrosion rate of the electrode. The Tafel curve resistance of the Zn-Cu-TiO polymetallic nanoelectrode was the smallest, so the Zn-Cu-TiO nanoelectrode was the least prone to corrosion. The electrode reaction parameters were determined using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Zn-Cu-TiO polymetallic nanoelectrodes have the lowest peak position and the highest electrochemical activity. The surface area of the electrode was determined by the time-current (CA) method, and it was found that the Zn-Cu-TiO polymetallic nanoelectrode had a larger surface area and the highest removal rate of nitrate. The Ti, TiO, Cu-TiO, and Zn-Cu-TiO electrodes also had higher removal rates for real groundwater, and the differences between the removal rates of nitrates for deionized water and real groundwater decreased as removal time increased. The Zn-Cu-TiO polymetallic nanoelectrode exhibited the highest removal rate for real groundwater. This study reveals the reaction mechanism of the cathode reduction of nitrate, which provides the basis for constructing electrochemical reactors and its application in treating nitrate-contaminated groundwater. A mathematical model of optimized working conditions was created by the response surface method, and optimum time, NaCl concentration, and current density were 93.39 min, 0.22 g/L, and 38.34 mA/cm, respectively. Under these optimal conditions, the nitration removal rate and ammonium nitrogen generation in the process solution were 100% and 0.00 mg/L, respectively.