MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
Center for Advancing Research in Transportation Emissions, Energy, and Health (CARTEEH), Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI), TX, USA; Texas A&M School of Public Health, TX, USA.
Environ Int. 2023 Feb;172:107805. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107805. Epub 2023 Feb 7.
Urban areas are hot spots for human exposure to air pollution, which originates in large part from traffic. As the urban population continues to grow, a greater number of people risk exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and its adverse, costly health effects. In many cities, there is a need and scope for air quality improvements through targeted policy interventions, which continue to grow including rapidly changing technologies.
This systematic evidence map (SEM) examines and characterizes peer-reviewed evidence on urban-level policy interventions aimed at reducing traffic emissions and/or TRAP from on-road mobile sources, thus potentially reducing human exposures and adverse health effects and producing various co-benefits.
This SEM follows a previously peer-reviewed and published protocol with minor deviations, explicitly outlined here. Articles indexed in Public Affairs Index, TRID, Medline and Embase were searched, limited to English, published between January 1, 2000, and June 1, 2020. Covidence was used to screen articles based on previously developed eligibility criteria. Data for included articles was extracted and manually documented into an Excel database. Data visualizations were created in Tableau.
We identified 7528 unique articles from database searches and included 376 unique articles in the final SEM. There were 58 unique policy interventions, and a total of 1,139 unique policy scenarios, comprising these interventions and different combinations thereof. The policy interventions fell under 6 overarching policy categories: 1) pricing, 2) land use, 3) infrastructure, 4) behavioral, 5) technology, and 6) management, standards, and services, with the latter being the most studied. For geographic location, 463 policy scenarios were studied in Europe, followed by 355 in Asia, 206 in North America, 57 in South America, 10 in Africa, and 7 in Australia. Alternative fuel technology was the most frequently studied intervention (271 times), followed by vehicle emission regulation (134 times). The least frequently studied interventions were vehicle ownership taxes, and studded tire regulations, studied once each. A mere 3 % of studies addressed all elements of the full-chain-traffic emissions, TRAP, exposures, and health. The evidence recorded for each unique policy scenario is hosted in an open-access, query-able Excel database, and a complementary interactive visualization tool. We showcase how users can find more about the effectiveness of the 1,139 included policy scenarios in reducing, increasing, having mixed or no effect on traffic emissions and/or TRAP.
This is the first peer-reviewed SEM to compile international evidence on urban-level policy interventions to reduce traffic emissions and/or TRAP in the context of human exposure and health effects. We also documented reported enablers, barriers, and co-benefits. The open-access Excel database and interactive visualization tool can be valuable resources for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers. Future updates to this work are recommended.
Sanchez, K.A., Foster, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., May, A.D., Ramani, T., Zietsman, J. and Khreis, H., 2020. Urban policy interventions to reduce traffic emissions and traffic-related air pollution: Protocol for a systematic evidence map. Environment international, 142, p.105826.
城市是人类暴露于空气污染的热点地区，而空气污染主要来源于交通。随着城市人口的持续增长，越来越多的人面临着交通相关空气污染（TRAP）及其不良的、昂贵的健康影响的风险。在许多城市，需要通过有针对性的政策干预来改善空气质量，这些干预措施不断增加，包括快速变化的技术。
本系统证据图（SEM）检查并描述了旨在减少道路交通源排放和/或 TRAP 的城市层面政策干预的同行评议证据，从而潜在减少人类暴露和不良健康影响，并产生各种共同效益。
本 SEM 遵循之前经过同行评议和发布的协议，略有偏差，在此明确列出。在公共事务索引、TRID、Medline 和 Embase 中搜索索引文章，仅限于英语，发表于 2000 年 1 月 1 日至 2020 年 6 月 1 日之间。使用 Covidence 根据先前制定的资格标准筛选文章。从纳入的文章中提取数据，并手动记录到 Excel 数据库中。在 Tableau 中创建数据可视化。
我们从数据库搜索中确定了 7528 篇独特的文章，并将 376 篇独特的文章纳入最终的 SEM 中。有 58 个独特的政策干预措施，共有 1139 个独特的政策方案，包括这些干预措施和不同的组合。政策干预措施属于 6 个总体政策类别：1）定价，2）土地利用，3）基础设施，4）行为，5）技术，6）管理、标准和服务，后者是研究最多的。就地理位置而言，欧洲有 463 个政策方案得到了研究，其次是亚洲 355 个，北美 206 个，南美 57 个，非洲 10 个，澳大利亚 7 个。替代燃料技术是研究最多的干预措施（271 次），其次是车辆排放法规（134 次）。研究最少的干预措施是车辆拥有税和钉胎法规，各研究了一次。只有 3%的研究涉及完整的交通排放、TRAP、暴露和健康全链条的所有要素。每个独特的政策方案的证据都记录在一个开放获取、可查询的 Excel 数据库中，并补充了一个交互式可视化工具。我们展示了用户如何找到更多关于 1139 个纳入的政策方案在减少、增加、对交通排放和/或 TRAP 具有混合或没有影响方面的有效性信息。
这是第一个同行评议的 SEM，旨在汇编有关城市层面政策干预措施的国际证据，以减少人类暴露和健康影响背景下的交通排放和/或 TRAP。我们还记录了报告的促进因素、障碍和共同效益。开放获取的 Excel 数据库和交互式可视化工具可以成为从业者、政策制定者和研究人员的宝贵资源。建议对这项工作进行未来更新。
Sanchez, K.A., Foster, M., Nieuwenhuijsen, M.J., May, A.D., Ramani, T., Zietsman, J. and Khreis, H., 2020. Urban policy interventions to reduce traffic emissions and traffic-related air pollution: Protocol for a systematic evidence map. Environment international, 142, p.105826.
