Ntoumani Maria, Dugué Benoit, Rivas Eric, Gongaki Konstantina
National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Department of Physiology, 11527, Athens, Greece; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Philosophy Division, 17237, Athens, Greece.
Université de Poitiers, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, UR 20296, Laboratoire "Mobilité, Vieillissement et Exercice (MOVE)", 86000, Poitiers, France.
J Therm Biol. 2023 Feb;112:103430. doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103430. Epub 2022 Dec 23.
Severe thermal discomfort may increase risk of drowning due to hypothermia or hyperthermia from prolonged exposure to noxious water temperatures. The importance of using a behavioral thermoregulation model with thermal sensation may predict the thermal load that the human body receives when exposed to various immersive water conditions. However, there is no thermal sensation "gold standard" model specific for water immersion. This scoping review aims to present a comprehensive overview regarding human physiological and behavioral thermoregulation during whole-body water immersion and explore the feasibility for an accepted defined sensation scale for cold and hot water immersion.
A standard literary search was performed on PubMed, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS. The words "Water Immersion," "Thermoregulation," "Cardiovascular responses" were used either as independent searched terms and MeSH terms (Medical Subject Headings) or in combination with other text words. The inclusion criteria for clinical trials terms to thermoregulatory measurements (core or skin temperature), whole-body immersion, 18-60 years old and healthy individuals. The prementioned data were analyzed narratively to achieve the overall study objective.
Twenty-three published articles fulfilled the review inclusion/exclusion criteria (with nine measured behavioral responses). Our outcomes illustrated a homogenous thermal sensation in a variety of water temperatures ranges, that was strongly associated with thermal balance, and observed different thermoregulatory responses. This scoping review highlights the impact of water immersion duration on human thermoneutral zone, thermal comfort zone, and thermal sensation.
Our findings enlighten the significance of thermal sensation as a health indicator for establishing a behavioral thermal model applicable for water immersion. This scoping review provides insight for the needed development of subjective thermal model of thermal sensation in relation to human thermal physiology specific to immersive water temperature ranges within and outside the thermal neutral and comfort zone.
严重的热不适可能会增加溺水风险，这是由于长时间暴露在有害水温下导致体温过低或过高所致。使用带有热感觉的行为体温调节模型的重要性可能在于预测人体在暴露于各种沉浸式水条件下所承受的热负荷。然而，目前尚无专门针对水浸的热感觉“金标准”模型。本综述旨在全面概述全身水浸过程中的人体生理和行为体温调节，并探讨建立一个被广泛接受的冷水和热水浸感觉量表的可行性。
在PubMed、谷歌学术和SCOPUS上进行了标准文献检索。“水浸”“体温调节”“心血管反应”这些词既作为独立检索词和医学主题词（MeSH词）使用，也与其他文本词组合使用。临床试验术语的纳入标准包括体温调节测量（核心或皮肤温度）、全身浸浴、年龄在18至60岁之间的健康个体。对上述数据进行叙述性分析以实现总体研究目标。
23篇已发表文章符合综述纳入/排除标准（其中9篇测量了行为反应）。我们的研究结果表明，在各种水温范围内存在一致的热感觉，这与热平衡密切相关，并且观察到了不同的体温调节反应。本综述强调了水浸持续时间对人体热中性区、热舒适区和热感觉的影响。
我们的研究结果揭示了热感觉作为建立适用于水浸的行为热模型的健康指标的重要性。本综述为开发与人体热生理学相关的热感觉主观热模型提供了见解，该模型特定于热中性区和舒适区内外部的沉浸式水温范围。
