Ghazimoradi Mohammad Mahdi, Ghoushi Ehsan, Ghobadi Pour Mozhgan, Karimi Ahmadabadi Hadise, Rafieian-Kopaei Mahmoud
Faculty of pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Interdisciplinary Neuro-Brain Research and Education Network (INBREN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
Curr Pharm Des. 2023;29(7):519-526. doi: 10.2174/1381612829666230222093016.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most complicated neurodegenerative diseases causing dementia in human beings. Aside from that, the incidence of AD is increasing and its treatment is very complicated. There are several known hypotheses regarding the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease, including the amyloid beta hypothesis, tau hypothesis, inflammation hypothesis, and cholinergic hypothesis, which are investigated in different researches to completely elucidate the pathology of AD. Besides, some new mechanisms, such as immune, endocrine, and vagus pathways, as well as bacteria metabolite secretions, are being explained as other causes to be somehow related to AD pathogenesis. There is still no definite treatment for Alzheimer’s disease that can completely cure and eradicate AD. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a traditional herb used as a spice in different cultures, and due to the organosulfur compounds, like allicin, it possesses highly anti-oxidant properties; the benefits of garlic in cardiovascular diseases, like hypertension and atherosclerosis, have been examined and reviewed, although its beneficiary effects in neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, are not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the effects of garlic based on its components, such as allicin and S-allyl cysteine, on Alzheimer’s disease and the mechanisms of garlic components that can be beneficiary for AD patients, including its effects on amyloid beta, oxidative stress, tau protein, gene expression, and cholinesterase enzymes. Based on the literature review, garlic has been revealed to have beneficiary effects on Alzheimer’s disease, especially in animal studies; however, more studies should be done on humans to find the exact mechanisms of garlic’s effects on AD patients.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是导致人类痴呆的最复杂的神经退行性疾病之一。除此之外，AD的发病率正在上升，其治疗非常复杂。关于阿尔茨海默病的病理学有几种已知的假说，包括淀粉样蛋白β假说、tau假说、炎症假说和胆碱能假说，不同的研究对这些假说进行了探究，以全面阐明AD的病理学。此外，一些新的机制，如免疫、内分泌和迷走神经通路，以及细菌代谢产物分泌，被解释为与AD发病机制有某种关联的其他原因。目前仍没有能完全治愈和根除AD的明确治疗方法。大蒜（葱属植物）是一种在不同文化中用作香料的传统草药，由于其含有大蒜素等有机硫化合物，具有很强的抗氧化特性；大蒜在心血管疾病如高血压和动脉粥样硬化方面的益处已得到研究和综述，尽管其在神经退行性疾病如AD中的有益作用尚未完全了解。在本综述中，我们讨论了大蒜及其成分如大蒜素和S -烯丙基半胱氨酸对阿尔茨海默病的影响，以及大蒜成分对AD患者有益的机制，包括其对淀粉样蛋白β、氧化应激、tau蛋白、基因表达和胆碱酯酶的影响。基于文献综述，大蒜已被证明对阿尔茨海默病有有益作用，尤其是在动物研究中；然而，还需要对人类进行更多研究，以找到大蒜对AD患者作用的确切机制。
