Tenea Gabriela N, Reyes Pamela, Molina Diana, Ortega Clara
Biofood and Nutraceutics Research and Development Group, Faculty of Engineering in Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Av. 17 de Julio s-21 y José María Córdova, Ibarra 100150, Ecuador.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2023 Jan 22;12(2):236. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12020236.
The pathogenic microorganisms linked to fresh fruits and juices sold out in retail low-cost markets raise safety concerns as they may carry multidrug-resistant (MDR) genes. To evaluate the microbiological quality and safety of highly consumed fruits and derivatives in Imbabura Province, Ecuador, ready-to-eat strawberries (5 independent batches; = 300 samples), and gooseberries (5 separate batches; = 500 samples), purchased from a local fruit farm grower and low-cost retail market, along with 20 different natural fruit- and vegetables-based juices (3 independent batches; = 60 samples) purchased from food courts located within the low-cost markets were analyzed. Bacteriological analysis showed that the microbial quality was lower as several indicators ( = 984) consisting of total coliforms (TCOL), total aerobes (AEROB), spp. (ENT), spp., (SHIGA), yeasts (YE), and molds (M) were detected. spp. (STAPHY) was found in both fruits regardless of origin, while (EC) isolates were found in strawberries but not gooseberries. spp. (SALM) were detected in juices only. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed multidrug resistance of several isolates. The hemolytic pattern revealed that 88.89% of EC and 61.11% of ENT isolates were beta-hemolytic. All STAPHY isolates were beta-hemolytic while SALM and SHIGA were alpha-hemolytic. Plasmid curing assay of MDR isolates (ENT, EC, SALM, and STAPHY) showed that the antibiotic resistance (AR) was highly indicative of being plasmid-borne. These results raise concerns about the consumption of MDR bacteria. However, good agricultural and industrial practices, behavioral change communication, and awareness-raising programs are necessary for all stakeholders along the food production and consumption supply chain.
在零售低成本市场销售的新鲜水果和果汁中发现的致病微生物引发了安全担忧，因为它们可能携带多重耐药（MDR）基因。为了评估厄瓜多尔伊姆巴布拉省高消费水果及其衍生物的微生物质量和安全性，对从当地水果种植农户和低成本零售市场购买的即食草莓（5个独立批次；n = 300个样本）、醋栗（5个不同批次；n = 500个样本），以及从低成本市场内的美食广场购买的20种不同的天然水果和蔬菜汁（3个独立批次；n = 60个样本）进行了分析。细菌学分析表明，由于检测到包括总大肠菌群（TCOL）、需氧菌总数（AEROB）、肠球菌属（ENT）、志贺菌属（SHIGA）、酵母（YE）和霉菌（M）在内的多个指标（n = 984），微生物质量较低。无论来源如何，在两种水果中均发现了金黄色葡萄球菌（STAPHY），而在草莓中发现了大肠杆菌（EC）分离株，醋栗中未发现。仅在果汁中检测到沙门氏菌属（SALM）。抗生素敏感性测试显示几种分离株具有多重耐药性。溶血模式显示，88.89%的EC分离株和61.11%的ENT分离株为β溶血。所有STAPHY分离株均为β溶血，而SALM和SHIGA为α溶血。对多重耐药分离株（ENT、EC、SALM和STAPHY）进行的质粒消除试验表明，抗生素耐药性（AR）高度表明是由质粒携带的。这些结果引发了对多重耐药细菌消费的担忧。然而，对于食品生产和消费供应链中的所有利益相关者来说，良好的农业和工业实践、行为改变宣传以及提高认识计划是必要的。
