Constantino-Jonapa Luis A, Espinoza-Palacios Yoshua, Escalona-Montaño Alma R, Hernández-Ruiz Paulina, Amezcua-Guerra Luis M, Amedei Amedeo, Aguirre-García María M
Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico.
Biomedicines. 2023 Feb 2;11(2):431. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020431.
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite produced by the gut microbiota and has been mainly associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in humans. There are factors that affect one's TMAO level, such as diet, drugs, age, and hormones, among others. Gut dysbiosis in the host has been studied recently as a new approach to understanding chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and Alzheimer's disease. These disease types as well as COVID-19 are known to modulate host immunity. Diabetic and obese patients have been observed to have an increase in their level of TMAO, which has a direct correlation with CVDs. This metabolite is attributed to enhancing the inflammatory pathways through cholesterol and bile acid dysregulation, promoting foam cell formation. Additionally, TMAO activates the transcription factor NF-κB, which, in turn, triggers cytokine production. The result can be an exaggerated inflammatory response capable of inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, which is responsible for various diseases. Due to the deleterious effects that this metabolite causes in its host, it is important to search for new therapeutic agents that allow a reduction in the TMAO levels of patients and that, thus, allow patients to be able to avoid a severe cardiovascular event. The present review discussed the synthesis of TMAO and its contribution to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases.
氧化三甲胺（TMAO）是一种由肠道微生物群产生的代谢产物，主要与人类心血管疾病（CVD）发病率的增加有关。有多种因素会影响一个人的TMAO水平，比如饮食、药物、年龄和激素等。宿主肠道菌群失调最近已作为一种理解慢性炎症和退行性疾病（包括心血管疾病、代谢疾病和阿尔茨海默病）的新方法进行研究。已知这些疾病类型以及新冠肺炎会调节宿主免疫力。据观察，糖尿病患者和肥胖患者的TMAO水平会升高，这与心血管疾病直接相关。这种代谢产物通过胆固醇和胆汁酸失调增强炎症途径，促进泡沫细胞形成。此外，TMAO激活转录因子NF-κB，进而触发细胞因子的产生。结果可能是引发能够诱导内质网应激的过度炎症反应，而内质网应激会导致各种疾病。由于这种代谢产物会对其宿主造成有害影响，因此寻找新的治疗药物以降低患者的TMAO水平从而使患者能够避免严重心血管事件非常重要。本综述讨论了TMAO的合成及其在各种炎症性疾病发病机制中的作用。
