Kim Haena, Anderson Brian A
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4235 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA.
Brain Sci. 2023 Jan 17;13(2):158. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13020158.
Reward learning and aversive conditioning have consequences for attentional selection, such that stimuli that come to signal reward and threat bias attention regardless of their valence. Appetitive and aversive stimuli have distinctive influences on response selection, such that they activate an approach and an avoidance response, respectively. However, whether the involuntary influence of reward- and threat-history-laden stimuli extends to the manner in which a response is directed remains unclear. Using a feedback-joystick task and a manikin task, which are common paradigms for examining valence-action bias, we demonstrate that reward- and threat-signalling stimuli do not modulate response selection. Stimuli that came to signal reward and threat via training biased attention and invigorated action in general, but they did not facilitate an approach and avoidance response, respectively. We conclude that attention can be biased towards a stimulus as a function of its prior association with reward or aversive outcomes without necessarily influencing approach vs. avoidance tendencies, such that the mechanisms underlying the involuntary control of attention and behaviour evoked by valent stimuli can be decoupled.
奖赏学习和厌恶条件作用对注意力选择有影响，即那些开始预示奖赏和威胁的刺激会使注意力产生偏向，而不论其效价如何。奖赏性和厌恶性刺激对反应选择有不同影响，它们分别激活趋近反应和回避反应。然而，带有奖赏和威胁历史的刺激的非自愿影响是否会延伸到反应引导方式尚不清楚。我们使用反馈操纵杆任务和人体模型任务（这是检验效价-行动偏向的常见范式），证明了预示奖赏和威胁的刺激不会调节反应选择。通过训练预示奖赏和威胁的刺激总体上使注意力产生偏向并激发行动，但它们并没有分别促进趋近反应和回避反应。我们得出结论，注意力可以因其先前与奖赏或厌恶性结果的关联而偏向某一刺激，而不一定影响趋近与回避倾向，这样由效价性刺激引发的注意力和行为的非自愿控制的潜在机制就可以分离。
