Faculty of Business, Economics and Social Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia.
Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550025 Sibiu, Romania.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 6;20(4):2866. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20042866.
Due to unpredictable and demanding working circumstances and the significant potential for dangers and accidents, seafaring has been characterised as one of the world's riskiest and stressful vocations that lead to physical and mental health problems. However, very few instruments measure work-related stress, particularly in a seafaring context. None of the instruments are psychometrically sound. Therefore, a valid and reliable instrument to measure seafaring work-related stress is indispensable. This study aims to review work-related stress instruments and to explore the work-related stress construct among seafarers in Malaysia. This study uses a systematic review and semi-structured interviews across two phases. In Phase 1, we conducted a systematic review of several databases: Academic Search Ultimate, Emerald Journal Premier, Journal Storage (JSTOR), ScienceDirect, Springer Link, Taylor and Francis Online, and Wiley Online Library based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). In 8975 articles, only 4 (four) studies used psychological instruments and 5 (five) studies used survey questionnaires to measure work-related stress. In Phase 2, we conducted a semi-structured interview with 25 (twenty-five) seafarers, online due to COVID-19 restrictions. The semi-structured interview indicated 6 (six) themes, namely, physical stress, personal issues, social living onboard, technostress, work factors, and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, the present study has identified three psychometric instruments for measuring work-related stress among seafarers: The Psychological General Well-Being Index, Perceived Stress Scale, and Job Content Questionnaire. We also found psychometric elements in some of the instruments are questionable, such as theoretical basis, construct development, and inadequate internal consistency value. In addition, this study also found that work-related stress is a multidimensional construct that needs to be studied based on work contexts. The findings of this study can contribute to the body of knowledge of a work-related stress construct in a seafaring context and could help to inform policy makers in the maritime industry. This study suggests a psychological instrument to measure work-related stress among seafarers in future studies.
由于工作环境不可预测且要求苛刻，以及存在重大的危险和事故隐患，航海业被认为是世界上最危险和压力最大的职业之一，导致船员身心健康问题。然而，很少有工具可以测量与工作相关的压力，特别是在航海环境中。没有一种工具在心理测量学上是合理的。因此，需要有一种有效的、可靠的工具来测量航海工作相关的压力。本研究旨在回顾与工作相关的压力工具，并探讨马来西亚海员的工作相关压力结构。本研究使用系统回顾和半结构化访谈进行，共分两个阶段。在第一阶段，我们根据系统回顾和荟萃分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA），对多个数据库进行了系统回顾：学术搜索终极版、Emerald 期刊首版、期刊存储（JSTOR）、ScienceDirect、Springer Link、泰勒和弗朗西斯在线和威利在线图书馆。在 8975 篇文章中，只有 4 篇（四篇）研究使用心理工具，5 篇（五篇）研究使用问卷调查来测量与工作相关的压力。在第二阶段，由于 COVID-19 限制，我们对 25 名（二十五名）海员进行了半结构化访谈。半结构化访谈表明有 6 个（六个）主题，即身体压力、个人问题、船上的社会生活、技术压力、工作因素和 COVID-19 大流行的影响。总之，本研究确定了三种用于测量海员与工作相关的压力的心理计量工具：《心理总体幸福感指数》、《感知压力量表》和《工作内容问卷》。我们还发现，一些工具中的心理计量元素是有问题的，例如理论基础、结构发展和不充分的内部一致性值。此外，本研究还发现，与工作相关的压力是一个多维度的结构，需要根据工作环境进行研究。本研究的结果可以为航海背景下的工作相关压力结构的知识体系做出贡献，并有助于为航海业的决策者提供信息。本研究建议在未来的研究中使用心理工具来测量海员的工作相关压力。
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