Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation for Development and Communication, 06081 Assisi, Italy.
Department of Criminology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 16;20(4):3509. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043509.
Time perception is closely related to spatial and bodily perception, yet little is known about how this interrelationship is impacted by meditation and biological sex. To examine this, we studied the effects of a stepwise application of three meditation techniques, from focused attention, to open monitoring to non-dual meditation, encompassed in the Place of Pre-Existence technique (PPEt) on the subjective perception of time, space and body using a pre-post research design. A total of 280 participants (mean age = 47.09 years; SD = 10.13; 127:153 males to females) completed the Subjective Time, Self, Space inventory before and after PPEt. Following PPEt, participants perceived time passing as slowing down, while time intensity, relaxation, 'awareness of space' and 'awareness of body' increased, suggesting heightened mindfulness to these constructs following the training. Awareness of space revealed to be modulated by biological sex and meditation expertise, with males showing a decrease of spatial awareness as a function of meditation expertise while females showed an opposite pattern. The speed and intensity of the experience of time both correlated with body and space awareness. In line with previous studies demonstrating a connection between relaxation and perception of time, a significant correlation was found between relaxation and the subjective experience of the intensity of time. The current results are discussed in the context of the embodied experience of time, and the Sphere Model of Consciousness.
时间感知与空间和身体感知密切相关，但对于冥想和生物性别如何影响这种相互关系知之甚少。为了研究这一点，我们研究了三种冥想技术（从专注注意力到开放监控到非二元冥想）逐步应用于预先存在技术（PPEt）对时间、空间和身体的主观感知的影响，采用前后研究设计。共有 280 名参与者（平均年龄=47.09 岁；标准差=10.13；127:153 男性对女性）在 PPEt 前后完成了主观时间、自我、空间清单。PPEt 后，参与者感知时间流逝变慢，而时间强度、放松、“对空间的意识”和“对身体的意识”增加，表明训练后对这些结构的正念增强。对空间的意识被生物性别和冥想专业知识所调节，随着冥想专业知识的增加，男性表现出空间意识的下降，而女性则表现出相反的模式。时间体验的速度和强度都与身体和空间意识相关。与先前研究证明放松与时间感知之间存在联系一致，在放松和时间强度的主观体验之间发现了显著相关性。目前的结果在时间的体现经验和意识的球体模型的背景下进行了讨论。
