Department of Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University Munich, 80636 Munich, Germany.
DZHK e.V. (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 8;24(4):3394. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043394.
Physical exercise represents an effective preventive and therapeutic strategy beneficially modifying the course of multiple diseases. The protective mechanisms of exercise are manifold; primarily, they are elicited by alterations in metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Exercise intensity and duration strongly influence the provoked response. This narrative review aims to provide comprehensive up-to-date insights into the beneficial effects of physical exercise by illustrating the impact of moderate and vigorous exercise on innate and adaptive immunity. Specifically, we describe qualitative and quantitative changes in different leukocyte subsets while distinguishing between acute and chronic exercise effects. Further, we elaborate on how exercise modifies the progression of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death worldwide, representing a prime example of a disease triggered by metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Here, we describe how exercise counteracts causal contributors and thereby improves outcomes. In addition, we identify gaps that still need to be addressed in the future.
体育锻炼是一种有效的预防和治疗策略，可以有益地改变多种疾病的进程。锻炼的保护机制是多方面的；主要是通过改变代谢和炎症途径来引发的。运动强度和持续时间强烈影响所引发的反应。本综述旨在通过说明中等强度和剧烈运动对固有和适应性免疫的影响，提供有关体育锻炼有益效果的全面最新见解。具体来说，我们描述了不同白细胞亚群的定性和定量变化，同时区分了急性和慢性运动效应。此外，我们阐述了运动如何改变导致全球死亡的主要原因——动脉粥样硬化的进展，动脉粥样硬化是一种由代谢和炎症途径引发的疾病的典型代表。在这里，我们描述了运动如何对抗致病因素，从而改善预后。此外，我们还确定了未来仍需要解决的差距。
