Department of Research, Craniomed Group Facility Srl., 20091 Bresso, Italy.
Biogem, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 15;24(4):3929. doi: 10.3390/ijms24043929.
SARS-CoV-2, one of the human RNA viruses, is widely studied around the world. Significant efforts have been made to understand its molecular mechanisms of action and how it interacts with epithelial cells and the human microbiome since it has also been observed in gut microbiome bacteria. Many studies emphasize the importance of surface immunity and also that the mucosal system is critical in the interaction of the pathogen with the cells of the oral, nasal, pharyngeal, and intestinal epithelium. Recent studies have shown how bacteria in the human gut microbiome produce toxins capable of altering the classical mechanisms of interaction of viruses with surface cells. This paper presents a simple approach to highlight the initial behavior of a novel pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, on the human microbiome. The immunofluorescence microscopy technique can be combined with spectral counting performed at mass spectrometry of viral peptides in bacterial cultures, along with identification of the presence of D-amino acids within viral peptides in bacterial cultures and in patients' blood. This approach makes it possible to establish the possible expression or increase of viral RNA viruses in general and SARS-CoV-2, as discussed in this study, and to determine whether or not the microbiome is involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of the viruses. This novel combined approach can provide information more rapidly, avoiding the biases of virological diagnosis and identifying whether a virus can interact with, bind to, and infect bacteria and epithelial cells. Understanding whether some viruses have bacteriophagic behavior allows vaccine therapies to be focused either toward certain toxins produced by bacteria in the microbiome or toward finding inert or symbiotic viral mutations with the human microbiome. This new knowledge opens a scenario on a possible future vaccine: the probiotics vaccine, engineered with the right resistance to viruses that attach to both the epithelium human surface and gut microbiome bacteria.
SARS-CoV-2 是一种人类 RNA 病毒，在世界范围内得到了广泛研究。由于它也存在于肠道微生物组细菌中，因此人们已经做出了巨大努力来了解其作用的分子机制以及它与上皮细胞和人类微生物组的相互作用方式。许多研究强调了表面免疫的重要性，也强调了黏膜系统在病原体与口腔、鼻腔、咽和肠道上皮细胞相互作用中的关键作用。最近的研究表明，人类肠道微生物组中的细菌如何产生能够改变病毒与表面细胞相互作用的经典机制的毒素。本文提出了一种简单的方法来突出新型病原体 SARS-CoV-2 对人类微生物组的初始行为。免疫荧光显微镜技术可以与细菌培养物中病毒肽的质谱分析中进行的光谱计数相结合，以及鉴定细菌培养物和患者血液中病毒肽内 D-氨基酸的存在。这种方法可以确定微生物组是否参与病毒的发病机制，以及一般情况下病毒 RNA 病毒和本文讨论的 SARS-CoV-2 的可能表达或增加。这种新的联合方法可以更快地提供信息，避免病毒学诊断的偏见，并确定病毒是否可以与细菌和上皮细胞相互作用、结合和感染。了解某些病毒是否具有噬菌行为，可以使疫苗治疗集中于微生物组中某些细菌产生的毒素，或者寻找与人类微生物组具有惰性或共生关系的病毒突变。这种新知识开辟了一个关于可能的未来疫苗的情景：益生菌疫苗，用正确的抵抗附着在上皮细胞表面和肠道微生物组细菌上的病毒的能力进行工程化。
