The Pathogen Induces Fast Immune and Microbiota Modifications in Rainbow Trout.

Environmental stressors can disrupt the relationship between the microbiota and the host and lead to the loss of its functions. Among them, bacterial infection caused by , the causative agent of furunculosis, results in high mortality in salmonid aquaculture. Here, rainbow trout were exposed to and its effects on the taxonomic composition and structure of the microbiota was assessed on different epithelia (gills, skin, and caudal fin) at 6 and 72 h post-infection (hpi) using the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA sequencing. Moreover, the infection by the pathogen and immune gene responses were evaluated in the head kidney by qPCR. Our results suggested that α-diversity was highly diverse but predominated by a few taxa while β-diversity was affected very early by infection in the gills after 6 h, subsequently affecting the microbiota of the skin and caudal fin. A dysbiosis of the microbiota and an increase in genera known to be opportunistic pathogens (, ) were also identified. Furthermore, an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and virulence protein array () was observed in trout head kidney as soon as 6 hpi and remained elevated until 72 hpi, while the anti-inflammatory genes seemed repressed. This study suggests that the infection by can alter fish microbiota of gills in the few hours post-infection. This result can be useful to develop a non-invasive technique to prevent disease outbreak in aquaculture.