McMurtrie Jamie, Bell Ashley G, Cable Joanne, Temperton Ben, Tyler Charles R
Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4QD, United Kingdom.
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2025 Jan 14;49. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuaf027.
The microbiomes of skin and gill mucosal surfaces are critical components in fish health and homeostasis by competitively excluding pathogens, secreting beneficial compounds, and priming the immune system. Disruption of these microbiomes can compromise their capacity for disease resilience and maintaining host homeostasis. However, the extent and nature of microbiome disruption required to impact fish health negatively remains poorly understood. This review examines how various stressors influence the community composition and functionality of fish skin and gill microbiomes, and the subsequent effects on fish health. Our findings highlight that the impact of stressors on skin and gill microbiomes may differ for different body sites and are highly context-dependent, influenced by a complex interplay of host-specific factors, stressor characteristics, and environmental conditions. By evaluating current knowledge on the genesis and homeostasis of these microbiomes, we highlight a strong influence of environmental factors especially on skin and gill microbiomes compared with fish gut microbiomes, which appear to be more closely regulated by the host's homeostatic and immunological systems. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the ecology and plasticity of fish skin and gill microbiomes to identify critical thresholds for microbiome shifts that impact fish health and disease resilience.
皮肤和鳃黏膜表面的微生物群是鱼类健康和体内平衡的关键组成部分，它们通过竞争性排除病原体、分泌有益化合物以及启动免疫系统来发挥作用。这些微生物群的破坏会损害它们抵御疾病的能力以及维持宿主体内平衡的能力。然而，对鱼类健康产生负面影响所需的微生物群破坏程度和性质仍知之甚少。本综述探讨了各种应激源如何影响鱼类皮肤和鳃微生物群的群落组成和功能，以及随后对鱼类健康的影响。我们的研究结果表明，应激源对皮肤和鳃微生物群的影响可能因身体部位不同而有所差异，并且高度依赖于具体情境，受到宿主特异性因素、应激源特征和环境条件的复杂相互作用的影响。通过评估关于这些微生物群的起源和体内平衡的现有知识，我们强调环境因素对皮肤和鳃微生物群的影响尤其显著，与鱼类肠道微生物群相比，后者似乎受到宿主的体内平衡和免疫系统更严格的调控。本综述强调了了解鱼类皮肤和鳃微生物群的生态学和可塑性对于确定影响鱼类健康和疾病恢复力的微生物群变化关键阈值的重要性。
