Abdulla Zainalabideen A, Al-Bashir Sharaf M, Alzoubi Hiba, Al-Salih Noor S, Aldamen Ala A, Abdulazeez Ahmed Z
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan.
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan.
Pathogens. 2023 Feb 15;12(2):329. doi: 10.3390/pathogens12020329.
This study aims to review the available data regarding the central role of immunity in combating SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the generation of protection by vaccination against COVID-19 in different age groups. Physiologically, the immune response and the components involved in it are variable, both functionally and quantitatively, in neonates, infants, children, adolescents, and adults. These immunological differences are mirrored during COVID-19 infection and in the post-vaccination period. The outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection is greatly dependent on the reaction orchestrated by the immune system. This is clearly obvious in relation to the clinical status of COVID-19 infection, which can be symptomless, mild, moderate, or severe. Even the complications of the disease show a proportional pattern in relation to the immune response. On the contrary, the commonly used anti-COVID-19 vaccines generate protective humoral and cellular immunity. The magnitude of this immunity and the components involved in it are discussed in detail. Furthermore, many of the adverse effects of these vaccines can be explained on the basis of immune reactions against the different components of the vaccines. Regarding the appropriate choice of vaccine for different age groups, many factors have to be considered. This is a cornerstone, particularly in the following age groups: 1 day to 5 years, 6 to 11 years, and 12 to 17 years. Many factors are involved in deciding the route, doses, and schedule of vaccination for children. Another important issue in this dilemma is the hesitancy of families in making the decision about whether to vaccinate their children. Added to these difficulties is the choice by health authorities and governments concerning whether to make children's vaccination compulsory. In this respect, although rare and limited, adverse effects of vaccines in children have been detected, some of which, unfortunately, have been serious or even fatal. However, to achieve comprehensive control over COVID-19 in communities, both children and adults have to be vaccinated, as the former group represents a reservoir for viral transmission. The understanding of the various immunological mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection and in the preparation and application of its vaccines has given the sciences a great opportunity to further deepen and expand immunological knowledge. This will hopefully be reflected positively on other diseases through gaining an immunological background that may aid in diagnosis and therapy. Humanity is still in continuous conflict with SARS-CoV-2 infection and will be for a while, but the future is expected to be in favor of the prevention and control of this disease.
本研究旨在回顾现有数据，这些数据涉及免疫在对抗严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）感染以及在不同年龄组中通过接种新冠病毒疫苗产生保护作用方面的核心作用。从生理角度来看，新生儿、婴儿、儿童、青少年和成年人的免疫反应及其所涉及的成分在功能和数量上都是可变的。这些免疫差异在新冠病毒感染期间以及接种疫苗后都会有所体现。SARS-CoV-2感染的结果在很大程度上取决于免疫系统所协调的反应。这在新冠病毒感染的临床状况方面表现得很明显，其临床状况可以是无症状的、轻度的、中度的或重度的。甚至该疾病的并发症也与免疫反应呈现出一种成比例的模式。相反，常用的抗新冠病毒疫苗会产生保护性的体液免疫和细胞免疫。本文将详细讨论这种免疫的程度及其所涉及的成分。此外，这些疫苗的许多不良反应可以基于针对疫苗不同成分的免疫反应来解释。关于为不同年龄组选择合适的疫苗，需要考虑许多因素。这是一个基石，特别是在以下年龄组：1天至5岁、6至11岁以及12至17岁。在决定儿童的疫苗接种途径、剂量和时间表时涉及许多因素。在这个困境中另一个重要问题是家庭在决定是否为其子女接种疫苗时的犹豫。除了这些困难之外，卫生当局和政府还面临着是否强制儿童接种疫苗的选择。在这方面，虽然疫苗在儿童中的不良反应很少且有限，但已经被检测到，其中一些不幸地是严重的甚至是致命的。然而，为了在社区中实现对新冠病毒的全面控制，儿童和成年人都必须接种疫苗，因为前一组人群是病毒传播的一个储存库。对SARS-CoV-2感染以及其疫苗的制备和应用中所涉及的各种免疫机制的理解，为科学提供了一个进一步深化和扩展免疫知识的绝佳机会。这有望通过获得可能有助于诊断和治疗的免疫背景而对其他疾病产生积极影响。人类仍在与SARS-CoV-2感染持续抗争，并且在一段时间内仍将如此，但未来有望有利于对这种疾病的预防和控制。
