Genomic Characteristics and Molecular Epidemiology of Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Carried by Wild Birds.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between wild birds and the transmission of multidrug-resistant strains. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from fresh feces of captured wild birds and assessed by the broth microdilution method and comparative genomics. Four Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates showed different resistance phenotypes; S90-2 and S141 were both resistant to ampicillin, cefuroxime, and cefazolin, while M911-1 and S130-1 were sensitive to most of the 14 antibiotics tested. S90-2 belongs to sequence type 629 (ST629), and its genome includes 30 resistance genes, including and , while its plasmid pS90-2.3 (IncR) carries , , and . S141 belongs to ST1662, and its genome includes a total of 27 resistance genes, including . M911-1 is a new ST, carrying and , and its plasmid pM911-1.1 (novel) carries , , and (A). S130-1 belongs to ST3753, carrying and , and its plasmid pS130-1 [IncFIB(K)] carries only one resistance gene, (A). pM911-1.1 and pS90-2.3 do not have conjugative transfer ability, but their resistance gene fragments are derived from multiple homologous strain chromosomes or plasmids, and the formation of resistance gene fragments (multidrug resistance region) involves interactions between multiple mobile element genes, resulting in a complex and diverse resistance plasmid structure. The homologous plasmids related to pM911-1.1 and pS90-2.3 were mainly from isolated human-infecting bacteria in China, namely, K. pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. The multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae isolates carried by wild birds in this study had drug resistance phenotypes conferred primarily by multidrug resistance plasmids that were closely related to human-infecting bacteria. Little is known about the pathogenic microorganisms carried by wild animals. This study found that the multidrug resistance phenotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates carried by wild birds was mainly attributed to multidrug resistance plasmids, and these multidrug resistance plasmids from wild birds were closely related to human-infecting bacteria. Wild bird habitats overlap to a great extent with human and livestock habitats, which further increases the potential for horizontal transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria among humans, animals, and the environment. Therefore, wild birds, as potential transmission hosts of multidrug-resistant bacteria, should be given attention and monitored.