State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
CAS Key laboratory of nutrition, metabolism and food safety, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64(20):7268-7289. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2183382. Epub 2023 Feb 27.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, resulting in hyperglycemia. However, concerns have been raised about the safety and efficacy of current hypoglycemic drugs due to undesirable side effects. Increasing studies have shown that whole grains (WG) consumption is inversely associated with the risk of T2DM and its subsequent complications. Thus, dietary strategies involving functional components from the WG provide an intriguing approach to restoring and maintaining glucose homeostasis. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the major functional components derived from WG and their positive effects on glucose homeostasis, demonstrates the underlying molecular mechanisms targeting hepatic glucose metabolism, and discusses the unclear aspects according to the latest viewpoints and current research. Improved glycemic response and insulin resistance were observed after consumption of WG-derived bioactive ingredients, which are involved in the integrated, multi-factorial, multi-targeted regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. Promotion of glucose uptake, glycolysis, and glycogen synthesis pathways, while inhibition of gluconeogenesis, contributes to amelioration of abnormal hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin resistance by bioactive components. Hence, the development of WG-based functional food ingredients with potent hypoglycemic properties is necessary to manage insulin resistance and T2DM.
2 型糖尿病（T2DM）的特征是葡萄糖稳态失调，导致高血糖。然而，由于不良的副作用，人们对当前的降糖药物的安全性和疗效提出了担忧。越来越多的研究表明，全谷物（WG）的摄入与 T2DM 及其后续并发症的风险呈负相关。因此，涉及 WG 功能性成分的饮食策略为恢复和维持葡萄糖稳态提供了一种有趣的方法。本综述全面了解了源自 WG 的主要功能性成分及其对葡萄糖稳态的积极影响，展示了针对肝葡萄糖代谢的潜在分子机制，并根据最新观点和当前研究讨论了不清楚的方面。WG 衍生的生物活性成分的摄入可改善血糖反应和胰岛素抵抗，其涉及肝葡萄糖代谢的综合、多因素、多靶点调节。生物活性成分促进葡萄糖摄取、糖酵解和糖原合成途径，同时抑制糖异生，有助于改善异常的肝葡萄糖代谢和胰岛素抵抗。因此，开发具有强效降血糖特性的基于 WG 的功能性食品成分对于管理胰岛素抵抗和 T2DM 是必要的。
