Institute of Agri-Foodstuff Commodity/Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
Department of Biology and Plant Protection/Faculty of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
PeerJ. 2023 Feb 24;11:e14916. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14916. eCollection 2023.
The physical and chemical properties of the soil are important factors influencing the yield of crops. One of the agrotechnical factors influencing the biochemical properties of soil is sowing density. It affects the yield components, light, moisture and thermal conditions in the canopy and the pressure of pests. Secondary metabolites, many of which are known to act as a defense mechanism against insects, are of importance in the interaction between the crop and abiotic and biotic factors of the habitat. To the best of our knowledge, the studies conducted so far do not sufficiently reveal the impacts of the wheat species and the sowing density, together with the biochemical properties of the soil, on the accumulation of bioactive ingredients in the crop plants, and the subsequent impacts on the occurrence of phytophagic entomofauna in various management systems. Explaining these processes creates an opportunity for more sustainable development of agriculture. The study aimed to determine the effect of wheat species and sowing density on the biochemical properties of the soil, concentrations of biologically active compounds in the plant and the occurrence of insect pests in organic (OPS) and conventional (CPS) production systems. The research was conducted on spring wheat species (Indian dwarf wheat- and Persian wheat-) grown in OPS and CPS at sowing densities 400, 500, 600 (seeds m). The following analyzes were performed: (i) soil analysis: the activity of catalases (CAT), dehydrogenases (DEH), peroxidases (PER); (ii) plant analysis: total phenolic compounds (TP), chlorogenic acid (CA), antioxidant capacity (FRAP); (iii) entomological analysis of the number of insects- spp. adults and larvae. Performing analyzes in such a wide (interdisciplinary) scope will allow for a comprehensive understanding of the soil-plant-insect biological transformation evaluation. Our results showed that an increase in soil enzyme activity caused a decrease in TP contents in the wheat grown the OPS. Despite this, both the content of TP and the anti-oxidative activity of the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) were higher in these wheats. Bioactive compound contents and FRAP were most favoured by the lowest sowing density. Regardless of the production system, the occurrence of the spp. adults on was the lowest at a sowing density of 500 seeds m. The occurrence of this pest's larvae was lowest at a sowing density of 400 seeds m. Research on bioactive compounds in plants, biochemical properties of soil and the occurrence of pests make it possible to comprehensively assess the impact of the sowing density of ancient wheat in the ecological and conventional production system, which is necessary for the development of environmentally sustainable agriculture.
土壤的物理和化学性质是影响作物产量的重要因素。影响土壤生化特性的农业技术因素之一是播种密度。它会影响冠层中的产量构成要素、光照、水分和热量条件以及害虫的压力。次生代谢物，其中许多已知是作为植物防御昆虫的机制，在作物与栖息地的非生物和生物因素之间的相互作用中很重要。据我们所知，到目前为止，这些研究还没有充分揭示小麦品种和播种密度以及土壤生化特性对作物植物中生物活性成分积累的影响，以及对各种管理系统中植食性节肢动物发生的后续影响。解释这些过程为农业的可持续发展创造了机会。本研究旨在确定小麦品种和播种密度对生化特性、植物中生物活性化合物浓度和有机（OPS）和常规（CPS）生产系统中害虫发生的影响。在 OPS 和 CPS 中以 400、500、600（种子 m）的播种密度种植春小麦品种（印度矮小麦和波斯小麦）进行了研究。进行了以下分析：（i）土壤分析：过氧化氢酶（CAT）、脱氢酶（DEH）、过氧化物酶（PER）的活性；（ii）植物分析：总酚类化合物（TP）、绿原酸（CA）、抗氧化能力（FRAP）；（iii）昆虫分析-成虫和幼虫的数量。在如此广泛的（跨学科）范围内进行分析，将使人们能够全面了解土壤-植物-昆虫的生物转化评价。我们的结果表明，土壤酶活性的增加导致 OPS 中生长的小麦中 TP 含量降低。尽管如此，这些小麦中的 TP 含量和抗氧化活性（铁还原能力的 FRAP）都更高。最低播种密度最有利于生物活性化合物含量和 FRAP。无论生产系统如何，在 500 种子 m 的播种密度下，的成虫发生量最低。在 400 种子 m 的播种密度下，这种害虫的幼虫发生量最低。对植物中的生物活性化合物、土壤生化特性和害虫的发生进行研究，可以全面评估古老小麦在生态和常规生产系统中的播种密度对环境可持续农业发展的影响。
