Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy.
Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy.
J Dairy Sci. 2023 Apr;106(4):2213-2229. doi: 10.3168/jds.2022-22599. Epub 2023 Mar 2.
The theme of iodine in the dairy sector is of particular interest due to the involvement and the interconnection of several stakeholders along the dairy food chain. Iodine plays a fundamental role in animal nutrition and physiology, and in cattle it is an essential micronutrient during lactation and for fetal development and the calf's growth. Its correct use in food supplementation is crucial to guarantee the animal's recommended daily requirement to avoid excess intake and long-term toxicity. Milk iodine is fundamental for public health, being one of the major sources of iodine in Mediterranean and Western diets. Public authorities and the scientific community have made great efforts to address how and to what extent different drivers may affect milk iodine concentration. The scientific literature concurs that the amount of iodine administered through animal feed and mineral supplements is the most important factor affecting its concentration in milk of most common dairy species. Additionally, farming practices related to milking (e.g., use of iodized teat sanitizers), herd management (e.g., pasture vs. confinement), and other environmental factors (e.g., seasonality) have been identified as sources of variation of milk iodine concentration. Overall, the aim of this review is to provide a multilevel overview on the mechanisms that contribute to the iodine concentration of milk and dairy products.
由于乳品食物链上的多个利益相关者的参与和相互关联，碘在乳品行业的主题特别引人关注。碘在动物营养和生理中起着至关重要的作用，在奶牛养殖中，它是哺乳期以及胎儿发育和小牛生长所必需的微量营养素。在食品补充剂中正确使用碘对于保证动物的推荐日摄入量、避免过度摄入和长期毒性至关重要。牛奶中的碘对于公共健康至关重要，是地中海和西方饮食中碘的主要来源之一。公共当局和科学界已经做出了巨大努力，以确定不同的驱动因素可能以何种方式、在何种程度上影响牛奶中的碘浓度。科学文献一致认为，通过动物饲料和矿物质补充剂摄入的碘量是影响大多数常见奶牛物种牛奶中碘浓度的最重要因素。此外，与挤奶相关的养殖实践（例如，使用碘化乳头消毒剂）、牛群管理（例如，放牧与圈养）以及其他环境因素（例如，季节性）已被确定为牛奶碘浓度变化的来源。总的来说，本综述的目的是提供一个多层次的概述，说明导致牛奶和乳制品中碘浓度的机制。
