Lundquist Hallie, Hess Julie, Comeau Madeline, Slavin Joanne
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN 55108.
United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks, ND 58203.
JDS Commun. 2024 Feb 1;5(3):181-184. doi: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0424. eCollection 2024 May.
Iodine insufficiencies are common among many populations, particularly pregnant women. One of the main functions of iodine is making thyroid hormone. The 2 main hormones that iodine influences are triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Thyroid hormone affects metabolism of most tissues. For the average adult, the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for iodine is 150 µg. During certain stages of life, such as pregnancy, lactation, and infancy, the importance of iodine is even greater as it supports brain, bone, and organ development. The RDA for iodine during pregnancy is 220 µg and, during breastfeeding, the RDA is 290 µg. Consuming enough iodine in the diet during pregnancy helps support fetal neurodevelopment. Iodine is found in several food sources such as seafood and iodized salt; however, dairy products are one of the major sources of iodine in American diets. It is important to note that only bovine milk products are rich in this mineral. One cup of milk provides 39% and 57% of the daily iodine needs for the average adult woman and pregnant woman, respectively. As the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommend limiting sodium intake, which includes iodized salt, dairy may be an especially important source of iodine. However, according to the USDA, about 90% of the US population does not meet the dairy recommendations presented in the DGA. In recent years, plant-based diets have received a lot of attention. A market for plant-based milk alternatives has grown and includes a variety of options such as almond, soy, and oat milk. Plant-based milks do not naturally contain iodine and are typically not fortified with iodine. Women of childbearing age who drink plant-based milks instead of cow milk have lower urinary iodine concentrations than women who consume cow milk. This review will focus on the importance of iodine in the diet to support prenatal health, lactation, and infant health.
碘缺乏在许多人群中很常见，尤其是孕妇。碘的主要功能之一是合成甲状腺激素。碘影响的两种主要激素是三碘甲状腺原氨酸和甲状腺素。甲状腺激素影响大多数组织的新陈代谢。对于普通成年人来说，碘的推荐膳食摄入量（RDA）为150微克。在生命的某些阶段，如怀孕、哺乳和婴儿期，碘的重要性更大，因为它支持大脑、骨骼和器官的发育。怀孕期间碘的RDA为220微克，哺乳期的RDA为290微克。孕期饮食中摄入足够的碘有助于支持胎儿神经发育。碘存在于多种食物来源中，如海鲜和加碘盐；然而，乳制品是美国饮食中碘的主要来源之一。需要注意的是，只有牛奶制品富含这种矿物质。一杯牛奶分别提供普通成年女性和孕妇每日碘需求量的39%和57%。由于《美国膳食指南》（DGA）建议限制钠的摄入量，其中包括加碘盐，乳制品可能是特别重要的碘来源。然而，根据美国农业部的数据，约90%的美国人口未达到DGA中提出的乳制品摄入量建议。近年来，植物性饮食受到了广泛关注。植物性牛奶替代品市场不断发展，包括杏仁奶、豆奶和燕麦奶等多种选择。植物性牛奶天然不含碘，通常也不添加碘。饮用植物性牛奶而非牛奶的育龄妇女尿碘浓度低于饮用牛奶的妇女。本综述将重点关注饮食中碘对支持产前健康、哺乳和婴儿健康的重要性。
