埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴供水消费者三卤甲烷（THMs）的暴露与致癌风险评估
Exposure and carcinogenic risk assessment of trihalomethanes (THMs) for water supply consumers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
作者信息
Tafesse Nebiyou, Porcelli Massimiliano, Hirpessa Belachew Bacha, Gasana Janvier, Padhi R K, Garie Sirak Robele, Ambelu Argaw
机构信息
Department of Water and Public Health , Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box: 56402, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Quality, Health, Safety & Work Environment Department, P.O. Box: 2622, Safat 13136, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
出版信息
Toxicol Rep. 2023 Feb 15;10:261-268. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.004. eCollection 2023.
BACKGROUND
Trihalomethanes (THMs), a class of DBPs (disinfection byproducts) that includes chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), chlorodibromomethane (CDBM), and bromoform. To the best of authors' knowledge, no study has addressed the relationship between the concentration of THMs and lifetime cancer risks (LCR) in drinking water supply system in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the lifetime cancer risks of exposure to THMs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
METHOD
A total of 120 duplicate water samples were collected from 21 sampling points in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The THMs were separated by a DB-5 capillary column and detected by an electron capture detector (ECD). Cancer and non-cancer risk assessments were performed.
RESULTS
The average total THMs (TTHMs)concentration in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, was 76.3 μg/L. Chloroform was the most dominant THM species identified. The total cancer risk for males was higher than that for females. The average LCR for TTHMs via ingestion in drinking water in this study was unacceptably high risk . An average LCR through dermal routes was also of unacceptably high risk . The LCR by chloroform contributes the highest (72%) of the total risk, followed by BDCM (14%), DBCM (10%) and bromoform (4%).
CONCLUSIONS
The cancer risk of drinking water due to THMs in Addis Ababa was higher than the level recommended by the USEPA. The total LCR from the targeted THMs was higher via the three exposure routes. Males were at higher THM cancer risk than females. The hazard index (HI) indicated that the dermal route caused higher HI values than the ingestion route. It is essential to apply alternatives to chlorine, i.e., chlorine dioxide (ClO), ozone and ultraviolet radiation, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The monitoring and regulation of the THMs is required on a regular basis to analyse the trends and guide the water treatment and distribution system.
AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS
The datasets generated for this analysis are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
背景
三卤甲烷（THMs）是一类消毒副产物（DBPs），包括氯仿、溴二氯甲烷（BDCM）、二溴氯甲烷（CDBM）和溴仿。据作者所知，尚无研究探讨埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴饮用水供应系统中三卤甲烷浓度与终生癌症风险（LCR）之间的关系。因此，本研究旨在确定埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴居民接触三卤甲烷的终生癌症风险。
方法
从埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴的21个采样点共采集了120份重复水样。三卤甲烷通过DB-5毛细管柱分离，并用电子捕获检测器（ECD）检测。进行了癌症和非癌症风险评估。
结果
埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴的三卤甲烷（TTHMs）平均总浓度为76.3μg/L。氯仿是鉴定出的最主要的三卤甲烷种类。男性的总癌症风险高于女性。本研究中通过饮用水摄入三卤甲烷的平均终生癌症风险处于不可接受的高风险水平。通过皮肤途径的平均终生癌症风险也处于不可接受的高风险水平。氯仿导致的终生癌症风险在总风险中占比最高（72%），其次是BDCM（14%）、DBCM（10%）和溴仿（4%）。
结论
埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴因三卤甲烷导致的饮用水癌症风险高于美国环境保护局（USEPA）推荐的水平。通过三种暴露途径，目标三卤甲烷的总终生癌症风险都较高。男性的三卤甲烷癌症风险高于女性。危害指数（HI）表明，皮肤途径导致的HI值高于摄入途径。在埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴，采用替代氯的方法，即二氧化氯（ClO）、臭氧和紫外线辐射至关重要。需要定期对三卤甲烷进行监测和监管，以分析趋势并指导水处理和分配系统。
数据和材料的可用性
为本分析生成的数据集可在合理请求下从相应作者处获取。
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