van der Wurff Inge S M, von Schacky Clemens, Bergeland Trygve, Zeegers Maurice P, Kirschner Paul A, de Groot Renate H M
Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Open Univerity of the Netherlands, 6419 AT Heerlen, the Netherlands.
Omegametrix, 82 152 Martinsried, Germany; Preventive Cardiology, Medical Clinic and Poli-Clinic I, Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2023 Apr;191:102553. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102553. Epub 2023 Feb 28.
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) are important for brain development and functioning and with that, possibly school performance. Several cross-sectional studies have shown significant positive associations between fish consumption, an important source of LCPUFA and school grades in adolescents. The effect of LCPUFA supplementation on school grades in adolescents has not been investigated yet. The goal of the current study was to investigate (I) the associations between the Omega-3 Index (O3I) at baseline and after 12 months respectively and school grades and (II) the effect of one year krill oil supplementation (source of LCPUFA) on school grades in adolescents with a low O3I at baseline. A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial with repeated measurements was executed. Participants received either 400 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day for the first three months in Cohort 1 and the nine months thereafter 800 mg EPA + DHA per day, Cohort 2 started immediately with 800 mg EPA + DHA per day,or a placebo. The O3I was monitored with a finger prick at baseline, three, six and twelve months. Subject grades for English, Dutch and math were collected, a standardised mathematics test was executed at baseline and at 12 months. Data was analysed with (I) explorative linear regressions to investigate associations at baseline and follow-up and (II) mixed model analyses separately for each of the subject grades and the standardised mathematics test to investigate the effect of supplementation after 12 months. The krill oil group had a small significant increase in the mean O3I at all time points. However, very few participants achieved the intended target O3I range of 8-11%. At baseline a significant association between baseline O3I and English grade was show, additionally a trend for an association with Dutch grade was shown. After 12 months no significant associations were found. Additionally, there was no significant effect of krill oil supplementation on subject grades or standardised mathematics test score. In this study, no significant effect of krill oil supplementation on subject grades or standardised mathematics test performance was found. However, as many participants dropped out and/or were non-adherent, results should be interpreted with caution.
长链多不饱和脂肪酸（LCPUFA）对大脑发育和功能很重要，可能也与学业表现有关。多项横断面研究表明，作为LCPUFA重要来源的鱼类消费与青少年的学业成绩之间存在显著的正相关。LCPUFA补充剂对青少年学业成绩的影响尚未得到研究。本研究的目的是调查：（I）分别在基线时和12个月后的欧米伽-3指数（O3I）与学业成绩之间的关联；（II）为期一年的磷虾油补充剂（LCPUFA的来源）对基线时O3I较低的青少年学业成绩的影响。开展了一项具有重复测量的双盲随机安慰剂对照试验。在队列1中，参与者在前三个月每天接受400毫克二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA），此后九个月每天接受800毫克EPA + DHA；队列2立即开始每天服用800毫克EPA + DHA，或服用安慰剂。在基线、3个月、6个月和12个月时通过手指采血监测O3I。收集英语、荷兰语和数学学科成绩，在基线和12个月时进行标准化数学测试。数据采用（I）探索性线性回归分析来研究基线和随访时的关联，以及（II）对每个学科成绩和标准化数学测试分别进行混合模型分析，以研究12个月后补充剂的效果。磷虾油组在所有时间点的平均O3I均有小幅显著增加。然而，很少有参与者达到预期的目标O3I范围8-11%。在基线时，基线O3I与英语成绩之间显示出显著关联，此外还显示出与荷兰语成绩存在关联的趋势。12个月后未发现显著关联。此外，磷虾油补充剂对学科成绩或标准化数学测试分数没有显著影响。在本研究中，未发现磷虾油补充剂对学科成绩或标准化数学测试表现有显著影响。然而，由于许多参与者退出和/或未坚持，结果应谨慎解释。
