Medical aspects of haematuria.

Haematuria is always a significant finding that requires proper evaluation, and investigations may need to be initiated based on an adequate history. A careful urine microscopy of the urine using phase contrast microscopy is essential, and may predict the source of the haematuria based on red cell morphology, and point the direction that appropriate investigation should take. Infection tumours, obstruction; and calculi account for most cases of gross haematuria in adults. In paediatric patients, the causes of gross haematuria are readily apparent in half of the cases, but further investigations are necessary in the other half. All cases of haematuria require prompt evaluation and appropriate investigations to ensure correct and early treatment.