Chakraborty Tapos Kumar, Islam Md Shahnul, Ghosh Gopal Chandra, Ghosh Prianka, Zaman Samina, Hossain Md Ripon, Habib Ahsan, Nice Md Simoon, Rahman Md Sozibur, Islam Khandakar Rashedul, Netema Baytune Nahar, Das Shuvo Suvasish, Hossain Nazmul, Khan Abu Shamim
Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh.
Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh.
Toxicol Rep. 2023 Feb 24;10:308-319. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.011. eCollection 2023.
Rapid urbanization and industrial development have prompted potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in urban soil in Bangladesh, which is a great concern for ecological and public health matters. The present study explored the receptor-based sources, probable human health and ecological risks of PTEs (As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cu) in the urban soil of the Jashore district, Bangladesh. The USEPA modified method 3050B and atomic absorption spectrophotometers were used to digest and evaluate the PTEs concentration in 71 soil samples collected from eleven different land use areas, respectively. The concentration ranges of As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, and Cu in the studied soils were 1.8-18.09, 0.1-3.58, 0.4-113.26, 0.9-72.09, 2.1-68.23, and 3.82-212.57 mg/kg, respectively. The contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), and enrichment factor (EF) were applied to evaluate the ecological risk posed by PTEs in soils. Soil quality evaluation indices showed that Cd was a great contributor to soil pollution. The PLI values range was 0.48-2.82, indicating base levels to continuous soil degradation. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model showed that As (50.3 %), Cd (38.8 %), Cu (64.7 %), Pb (81.8 %) and Ni (47.2 %) were derived from industrial sources and mixed anthropogenic sources, while Cr (78.1 %) from natural sources. The highest contamination was found in the metal workshop, followed by the industrial area, and brick filed site. Soil from all land use types revealed moderate to high ecological risk after evaluating probable ecological risks, and the descending order of single metal potential ecological risk was Cd > As > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr. Ingestion was the primary route of exposure to potentially toxic elements for both adults and children from the study area soil. The overall non-cancer risk to human health is caused by PTEs for children (HI=0.65 ± 0.1) and adults (HI=0.09 ± 0.03) under USEPA safe limit (HI>1), while the cancer risks from exclusively ingesting As through soil were 2.10E-03 and 2.74E-04 for children and adults, respectively, exceeding the USEPA acceptable standard (>1E-04).
快速的城市化和工业发展促使孟加拉国城市土壤中出现了潜在有毒元素（PTEs），这对生态和公共卫生问题构成了重大担忧。本研究探讨了孟加拉国杰索尔地区城市土壤中PTEs（砷、镉、铅、铬、镍和铜）基于受体的来源、可能的人类健康和生态风险。分别采用美国环境保护局（USEPA）改良的3050B方法和原子吸收分光光度计对从11个不同土地利用区域采集的71个土壤样本中的PTEs浓度进行消解和评估。研究土壤中砷、镉、铅、铬、镍和铜的浓度范围分别为1.8 - 18.09、0.1 - 3.58、0.4 - 113.26、0.9 - 72.09、2.1 - 68.23和3.82 - 212.57毫克/千克。应用污染因子（CF）、污染负荷指数（PLI）和富集因子（EF）来评估土壤中PTEs带来的生态风险。土壤质量评价指标表明，镉是土壤污染的主要贡献者。PLI值范围为0.48 - 2.82，表明土壤处于基本水平到持续退化状态。正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）模型表明，砷（50.3%）、镉（38.8%）、铜（64.7%）、铅（81.8%）和镍（47.2%）源自工业源和混合人为源，而铬（78.1%）源自自然源。在金属加工车间发现的污染最高，其次是工业区和砖厂场地。在评估了可能的生态风险后，所有土地利用类型的土壤都显示出中度到高度的生态风险，单一金属潜在生态风险的降序排列为镉>砷>铅>铜>镍>铬。摄入是研究区域土壤中成年人和儿童接触潜在有毒元素的主要途径。在USEPA安全限值（HI>1）下，PTEs对儿童（HI = 0.65±0.1）和成年人（HI = 0.09±0.03）的总体非癌症健康风险是由PTEs引起的，而通过土壤仅摄入砷对儿童和成年人的癌症风险分别为2.10E - 03和2.74E - 04，超过了USEPA可接受标准（>1E - 04）。
