Ruedl Gerhard, Posch Markus, Tecklenburg Katja, Schranz Alois, Faulhaber Martin, Burtscher Martin
Department of Sport Science, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Medalp Sportclinic, Imst, Austria.
Orthop J Sports Med. 2023 Mar 2;11(3):23259671231155841. doi: 10.1177/23259671231155841. eCollection 2023 Mar.
In recreational alpine skiing, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is affected in approximately 50% of serious knee injuries. There are established sex-based and skill-based differences in ACL injury risk, but the potential impact of equipment used (eg, skis, bindings, and boots) has not been evaluated.
To evaluate individual and equipment-related risk factors for an ACL injury depending on sex and skill level.
Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.
This was a retrospective questionnaire-based, case-control study of female and male skiers with and without ACL injuries during 6 winter seasons (from 2014-2015 to 2019-2020). Demographic data, skill level, equipment specifications, risk-taking behavior, and ownership of ski equipment were recorded. Ski geometry (ski length; sidecut radius; and widths of the tip, waist, and tail) was taken from each participant's ski. The standing heights of the front and back part of the ski binding were measured using a digital sliding caliper, and the standing height ratio was calculated. Abrasion of the ski boot sole was also measured at the toe and heel. Participants were divided by sex into less and more skilled skiers.
A total of 1817 recreational skiers participated in this study, of whom 392 (21.6%) sustained an ACL injury. A greater standing height ratio and more abrasion at the toe of the boot sole were associated with increased ACL injury risk in both sexes, independent of the skill level. Riskier behavior increased the injury risk only in male skiers, independent of the skill level, and longer skis increased the injury risk only in less skilled female skiers. Older age, the use of rented/borrowed skis, and more abrasion at the heel of the boot sole were independent risk factors for ACL injury in the more skilled skiers of both sexes.
Individual and equipment-related risk factors for an ACL injury partly differed according to skill level and sex. Consideration of the demonstrated equipment-related factors should be implemented in order to reduce ACL injuries in recreational skiers.
在高山休闲滑雪运动中，约50%的严重膝关节损伤累及前交叉韧带（ACL）。ACL损伤风险存在基于性别和技能水平的既定差异，但所使用的装备（如滑雪板、固定器和靴子）的潜在影响尚未得到评估。
根据性别和技能水平评估ACL损伤的个体及与装备相关的风险因素。
病例对照研究；证据等级，3级。
这是一项基于问卷的回顾性病例对照研究，研究对象为6个冬季赛季（2014 - 2015年至2019 - 2020年）期间有或无ACL损伤的男女滑雪者。记录人口统计学数据、技能水平、装备规格、冒险行为以及滑雪装备的拥有情况。从每位参与者的滑雪板获取滑雪板几何参数（滑雪板长度、侧切半径以及板头、板腰和板尾宽度）。使用数字游标卡尺测量滑雪板固定器前后部分的站立高度，并计算站立高度比。还测量了滑雪靴鞋底在脚尖和脚跟处的磨损情况。参与者按性别分为技能较低和较高的滑雪者。
共有1817名休闲滑雪者参与本研究，其中392人（21.6%）发生了ACL损伤。站立高度比越大以及靴底脚尖处磨损越多，在男女两性中均与ACL损伤风险增加相关，且与技能水平无关。冒险行为仅在男性滑雪者中增加损伤风险，与技能水平无关，而较长的滑雪板仅在技能较低的女性滑雪者中增加损伤风险。年龄较大、使用租/借的滑雪板以及靴底脚跟处磨损较多是两性中技能较高的滑雪者发生ACL损伤的独立风险因素。
ACL损伤的个体及与装备相关的风险因素部分因技能水平和性别而异。为减少休闲滑雪者的ACL损伤，应考虑已证实的与装备相关的因素。
