Norman Michael, Bariana Harbans, Bansal Urmil, Periyannan Sambasivam
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney Plant Breeding Institute, 107 Cobbitty Road, Cobbitty, NSW 2570, Australia.
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
Phytopathology. 2023 Apr;113(4):667-677. doi: 10.1094/PHYTO-02-23-0041-IA. Epub 2023 Apr 27.
Rust diseases are among the major constraints for wheat production worldwide due to the emergence and spread of highly destructive races of . The most common approach to minimize yield losses due to rust is to use cultivars that are genetically resistant. Modern wheat cultivars, landraces, and wild relatives can contain undiscovered resistance genes, which typically encode kinase or nucleotide-binding site leucine rich repeat (NLR) domain containing receptor proteins. Recent research has shown that these genes can provide either resistance in all growth stages (all-stage resistance; ASR) or specially in later growth stages (adult-plant resistance; APR). ASR genes are pathogen and race-specific, meaning can function against selected races of the fungus due to the necessity to recognize specific avirulence molecules in the pathogen. APR genes are either pathogen-specific or multipathogen resistant but often race-nonspecific. Prediction of resistance genes through rust infection screening alone remains complex when more than one resistance gene is present. However, breakthroughs during the past half century such as the single-nucleotide polymorphism-based genotyping techniques and resistance gene isolation strategies like mutagenesis, resistance gene enrichment, and sequencing (MutRenSeq), mutagenesis and chromosome sequencing (MutChromSeq), and association genetics combined with RenSeq (AgRenSeq) enables rapid transfer of resistance from source to modern cultivars. There is a strong need for combining multiple genes for better efficacy and longer-lasting resistance. Hence, techniques like gene cassette creation speeds up the gene combination process, but their widespread adoption and commercial use is limited due to their transgenic nature.
锈病是全球小麦生产的主要限制因素之一，这是由于高破坏性锈病小种的出现和传播所致。将因锈病造成的产量损失降至最低的最常见方法是使用具有遗传抗性的品种。现代小麦品种、地方品种和野生近缘种可能含有未被发现的抗性基因，这些基因通常编码含有激酶或核苷酸结合位点富含亮氨酸重复序列（NLR）结构域的受体蛋白。最近的研究表明，这些基因可以提供全生育期抗性（全生育期抗性；ASR）或特别在生育后期提供抗性（成株抗性；APR）。ASR基因是病原体和小种特异性的，这意味着由于需要识别病原体中特定的无毒分子，它们可以对特定的锈菌小种起作用。APR基因要么是病原体特异性的，要么是多病原体抗性的，但通常是小种非特异性的。当存在多个抗性基因时，仅通过锈病感染筛选来预测抗性基因仍然很复杂。然而，在过去半个世纪中取得的突破，如基于单核苷酸多态性的基因分型技术以及诱变、抗性基因富集和测序（MutRenSeq）、诱变和染色体测序（MutChromSeq）以及关联遗传学与RenSeq相结合（AgRenSeq）等抗性基因分离策略，使得抗性能够从来源快速转移到现代品种中。强烈需要组合多个基因以获得更好的效果和更持久的抗性。因此，基因盒构建等技术加快了基因组合过程，但由于其转基因性质，它们的广泛采用和商业应用受到限制。
