Institute of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
Institute of Social and Economic Geography and Spatial Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 28;20(5):4334. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20054334.
The study of bottom sediments was conducted within the basins of water bodies used for recreational purposes (e.g., bathing, fishing and diving) in the Silesian Upland and its periphery in southern Poland. Various concentrations of trace elements were found in bottom sediments, reflected by the following levels: Pb (30-3020 mg/kg), Zn (142-35,300 mg/kg), Cd (0.7-286 mg/kg), Ni (10-115 mg/kg), Cu (11-298 mg/kg), Co (3-40 mg/kg), Cr (22-203 mg/kg), As (8-178 mg/kg), Ba (263-19,300 mg/kg), Sb (0.9-52.5 mg/kg), Br (1-31 mg/kg), Sr (63-510 mg/kg) and S (0.001-4.590%). These trace elements are present in amounts that usually exceed those found in other bodies of water or are sometimes even unprecedented among bodies of water in the world (e.g., cadmium-286 mg/kg, zinc-35,300 mg/kg, lead-3020 mg/kg, arsenic-178 mg/kg). It was found that bottom sediments were contaminated to varying degrees with toxic metals, metalloids and non-metals, as evidenced by the values of geoecological indicators, i.e., the geoaccumulation index (-6.31 < < 10.90), the sediment contamination factor (0.0 ≤ Cfi < 286.0), the sediment contamination degree (4.6 < < 513.1) and the ratios of the concentrations found to the regional geochemical background (0.5 < < 196.9). It was concluded that the presence of toxic elements (e.g., lead, zinc, cadmium, chromium, strontium and arsenic) in bottom sediments should be taken into account when classifying water bodies as suitable for recreational use. A maximum ratio of the concentrations found to the regional geochemical background of ≤ 5.0 was proposed as the threshold for the permissibility of recreational use of water bodies. The water bodies used for recreational purposes in the Silesian Upland and its periphery do not meet the geoecological conditions for safe use in terms of recreation and leisure activities. Forms of their recreational use that directly affect the participants' health (e.g., fishing and the consumption of fish and other aquatic organisms) should be abandoned.
本研究对波兰南部西里西亚高地及其周边地区用于娱乐目的（如游泳、钓鱼和潜水）的水体底部沉积物进行了研究。结果表明，沉积物中存在各种浓度的微量元素，具体水平如下：Pb（30-3020mg/kg）、Zn（142-35300mg/kg）、Cd（0.7-286mg/kg）、Ni（10-115mg/kg）、Cu（11-298mg/kg）、Co（3-40mg/kg）、Cr（22-203mg/kg）、As（8-178mg/kg）、Ba（263-19300mg/kg）、Sb（0.9-52.5mg/kg）、Br（1-31mg/kg）、Sr（63-510mg/kg）和 S（0.001-4.590%）。这些微量元素的含量通常超过其他水体中的含量，有时甚至是世界范围内水体中前所未有的（例如，镉-286mg/kg、锌-35300mg/kg、铅-3020mg/kg、砷-178mg/kg）。研究发现，底泥受到不同程度的有毒金属、类金属和非金属的污染，这可以通过地球化学指标的值来证明，即地积累指数（-6.31< <10.90）、沉积物污染因子（0.0≤Cfi<286.0）、沉积物污染程度（4.6< <513.1）和浓度与区域地球化学背景的比值（0.5< <196.9）。研究结果表明，在将水体分类为适合娱乐使用时，应考虑底泥中有毒元素（如铅、锌、镉、铬、锶和砷）的存在。建议将浓度与区域地球化学背景的比值< 5.0 作为水体允许娱乐使用的阈值。在西里西亚高地及其周边地区用于娱乐目的的水体在娱乐和休闲活动方面的安全使用方面不符合地球化学条件。应放弃那些直接影响参与者健康的娱乐形式（如钓鱼以及食用鱼类和其他水生生物）。
