The effects of thymol, oxalic acid (Api-Bioxal) and hops extract (Nose-Go) on viability, the sp. spore load and the expression of and genes in infected honey bees.

This study was done to investigate the effects of thymol, fumagillin, oxalic acid (Api-Bioxal) and hops extract (Nose-Go) on sp. spore load, the expression of vitellogenin () and superoxide-dismutase-1 () genes and mortality of bees infected with . Five healthy colonies were assigned as the negative control, and 25 sp. infected colonies were assigned to five treatment groups including: the positive control: no additive to sirup; fumagillin 26.4 mg/L, thymol 0.1 g/L, Api-Bioxal 0.64 g/L and Nose-Go 5.0 g/L sirup. The reduction in the number of sp. spores in fumagillin, thymol, Api-Bioxal and Nose-Go compared to the positive control was 54, 25, 30 and 58%, respectively. sp. infection in all infected groups increased ( < .05) population compared to the negative control. Nose-Go had a negative effect on lactobacillus population compared to other substances. sp. infection decreased and genes expression in all infected groups compared to the negative control. Fumagillin and Nose-Go increased the expression of gene, and Nose-Go and thymol increased the expression of gene than the positive control. Nose-Go has the potential to treat nosemosis if the necessary lactobacillus population is provided in the gut.