Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India.
Bioresour Technol. 2023 May;376:128859. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128859. Epub 2023 Mar 10.
A huge amount of waste is generated by the cashew processing industries. This study aims to valorise these cashew wastes generated at different levels while processing cashew nuts in factories. The feedstocks include cashew skin, cashew shell and cashew shell de-oiled cake. Slow pyrolysis of these three different cashew wastes was performed at varying temperatures (300-500℃) at a heating rate of 10℃/min in a lab scale glass-tubular reactor under inert atmosphere of nitrogen with flow rate of 50 ml/min. The total bio-oil yield for cashew skin and the de-oiled shell cake was 37.1 and 48.6 wt% at 400℃ and 450℃, respectively. However, the maximum bio-oil yield obtained for cashew shell waste was 54.9 wt% at 500℃. The bio-oil was analysed using GC-MS, FTIR, and NMR. Along with the various functionalities observed in bio-oil through GC-MS, phenolics were observed to have maximum area% for all the feedstocks at all temperatures. At all the slow pyrolysis temperatures, cashew skin led to more biochar yield (40 wt%) as compared to cashew de-oiled cake (26 wt%) and cashew shell waste (22 wt%). Biochar was characterized by various analytical tools such as XRD, FTIR, Proximate analyser, CHNS, Py-GC/MS and SEM. Characterization of biochar revealed its carbonaceous and amorphous nature along with porosity.
腰果加工行业会产生大量的废物。本研究旨在对腰果加工厂在加工腰果过程中产生的不同水平的腰果废物进行增值利用。原料包括腰果壳、腰果壳和腰果壳脱油饼。在惰性氮气气氛下，以 50ml/min 的流速，在实验室规模的玻璃管式反应器中，以 10℃/min 的升温速率，对这三种不同的腰果废物在不同温度（300-500℃）下进行慢速热解。在 400℃和 450℃下，腰果壳和脱油壳蛋糕的总生物油产率分别为 37.1wt%和 48.6wt%。然而，在 500℃下，腰果壳废物的最大生物油产率为 54.9wt%。通过 GC-MS、FTIR 和 NMR 对生物油进行了分析。通过 GC-MS 观察到生物油中的各种官能团，在所有温度下，酚类的面积%均最大。在所有慢速热解温度下，与腰果脱油蛋糕（26wt%）和腰果壳废物（22wt%）相比，腰果壳产生的生物炭产率（40wt%）更高。通过各种分析工具，如 XRD、FTIR、Proximate analyser、CHNS、Py-GC/MS 和 SEM 对生物炭进行了表征。生物炭的表征表明其具有碳质和无定形特性以及孔隙率。
