Department of Fire and Safety, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Brinellgatan 4, 501 15 Borås, Sweden.
Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Mar 28;57(12):4821-4830. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08581. Epub 2023 Mar 13.
Electrified transport has multiple benefits but has also raised some concerns, for example, the flammable formulations used in lithium-ion batteries. Fires in traction batteries can be difficult to extinguish because the battery cells are well protected and hard to reach. To control the fire, firefighters must prolong the application of extinguishing media. In this work, extinguishing water from three vehicles and one battery pack fire test were analyzed for inorganic and organic pollutants, including particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot content. Additionally, the acute toxicity of the collected extinguishing water on three aquatic species was determined. The vehicles used in the fire tests were both conventional petrol-fueled and battery electric. For all of the tests, the analysis of the extinguishing water showed high toxicity toward the tested aquatic species. Several metals and ions were found in concentrations above the corresponding surface water guideline values. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances were detected in concentrations ranging between 200 and 1400 ng L. Flushing the battery increased the concentration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to 4700 ng L. Extinguishing water from the battery electric vehicle and the battery pack contained a higher concentration of nickel, cobalt, lithium, manganese, and fluoride compared with the water samples analyzed from the conventional vehicle.
电动汽车具有多重优势，但也引发了一些担忧，例如锂离子电池中使用的易燃配方。由于牵引电池的电池单元得到了很好的保护并且难以触及，因此电池火灾很难扑灭。为了控制火势，消防队员必须延长灭火介质的应用时间。在这项工作中，分析了来自三辆汽车和一个电池组火灾测试的灭火水的无机和有机污染物，包括颗粒结合的多环芳烃和烟尘含量。此外，还测定了收集的灭火水对三种水生生物的急性毒性。火灾测试中使用的车辆既有传统的汽油燃料车，也有电池电动汽车。对于所有测试，灭火水的分析结果表明对测试的水生生物具有很高的毒性。在高于相应地表水指导值的浓度下发现了几种金属和离子。在 200 到 1400ng/L 的浓度范围内检测到了全氟和多氟烷基物质。冲洗电池会将全氟和多氟烷基物质的浓度增加到 4700ng/L。与从传统车辆分析的水样相比，来自电池电动汽车和电池组的灭火水含有更高浓度的镍、钴、锂、锰和氟化物。
