Krauss Judith E, Castro Eduardo, Kingman Andrew, Nuvunga Milagre, Ryan Casey
University of York, Department of Politics/Interdisciplinary Global Development Centre, Derwent College, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique.
Geoforum. 2023 Mar;140:103706. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2023.103706. Epub 2023 Mar 9.
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce the transmission of Covid-19 had different repercussions for domestic, regional and global value chains, but empirical data are sparse on specific dynamics, particularly on their implications for value-chain stakeholders' local livelihoods. Through research including weekly phone interviews (n = 273 from May to July 2020) with panellists in six Mozambican communities, our research traced firstly how the baobab and charcoal value chains were affected by Covid NPIs, particularly in terms of producers' livelihoods. Secondly, we ask how our findings advance our understanding of the role of civic-based stakeholder conventions and different types of power in building viable local livelihoods. Our conceptual lens is based on a synthesis of value-chain and production-network analysis, convention theory and livelihood resilience focusing on power and risk. We found that Covid trading and transport restrictions considerably re-shaped value chains, albeit in different ways in each value chain. The global baobab value chain continued to provide earnings particularly to women, when other income sources were eliminated, with socially oriented stakeholders altering their operations to accommodate pandemic restrictions. By contrast, producers involved in the domestic, solely market-oriented charcoal value chain saw their selling opportunities and incomes reduced, with hunger rising in charcoal-dependent communities. Our paper argues that local livelihoods were more resilient under Covid NPIs if civic-based conventions and collective, social power were present.
减少新冠病毒传播的非药物干预措施（NPIs）对国内、区域和全球价值链产生了不同影响，但关于具体动态的实证数据稀少，尤其是其对价值链利益相关者当地生计的影响。通过研究，包括2020年5月至7月每周对莫桑比克六个社区的小组成员进行电话访谈（n = 273），我们的研究首先追踪了猴面包树和木炭价值链如何受到新冠非药物干预措施的影响，特别是在生产者生计方面。其次，我们探讨我们的研究结果如何增进我们对基于公民的利益相关者公约以及不同类型的权力在构建可行的当地生计中所起作用的理解。我们的概念框架基于价值链和生产网络分析、公约理论以及关注权力和风险的生计复原力的综合。我们发现，新冠疫情期间的贸易和运输限制极大地重塑了价值链，尽管每个价值链的方式不同。当其他收入来源消失时，全球猴面包树价值链继续为女性提供收入，面向社会的利益相关者改变其运营以适应疫情限制。相比之下，参与国内单一面向市场的木炭价值链的生产者的销售机会和收入减少，依赖木炭的社区饥饿加剧。我们的论文认为，如果存在基于公民的公约以及集体社会权力，在新冠非药物干预措施下当地生计更具复原力。
