Krauss Judith E, Artur Luis, Brockington Dan, Castro Eduardo, Fernando Jone, Fisher Janet, Kingman Andrew, Moises Hosia Mavoto, Mlambo Ana, Nuvunga Milagre, Pritchard Rose, Ribeiro Natasha, Ryan Casey M, Tembe Julio, Zimudzi Clemence
University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique.
World Dev. 2022 Mar;151:105757. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105757. Epub 2021 Nov 25.
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) such as social distancing and travel restrictions have been introduced to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus (hereinafter Covid). In many countries of the Global South, NPIs are affecting rural livelihoods, but in-depth empirical data on these impacts are limited. We traced the differentiated impacts of Covid NPIs throughout the start of the pandemic May to July 2020. We conducted qualitative weekly phone interviews ( = 441) with 92 panelists from nine contrasting rural communities across Mozambique (3-7 study weeks), exploring how panelists' livelihoods changed and how the NPIs intersected with existing vulnerabilities, and created new exposures. The NPIs significantly re-shaped many livelihoods and placed greatest burdens on those with precarious incomes, women, children and the elderly, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities. Transport and trading restrictions and rising prices for consumables including food meant some respondents were concerned about dying not of Covid, but of hunger because of the disruptions caused by NPIs. No direct health impacts of the pandemic were reported in these communities during our interview period. Most market-orientated income diversification strategies largely failed to provide resilience to the NPI shocks. The exception was one specific case linked to a socially-minded value chain for baobab, where a strong duty of care helped avoid the collapse of incomes seen elsewhere. In contrast, agricultural and charcoal value chains either collapsed or saw producer prices and volumes reduced. The hyper-covariate, unprecedented nature of the shock caused significant restrictions on livelihoods through trading and transport limits and thus a region-wide decline in cash generation opportunities, which was seen as being unlike any prior shock. The scale of human-made interventions and their repercussions thus raises questions about the roles of institutional actors, diversification and socially-minded trading partners in addressing coping and vulnerability both conceptually and in policy-making.
为防止新型冠状病毒（以下简称新冠病毒）传播，已采取社交距离和旅行限制等非药物干预措施（NPIs）。在全球南方的许多国家，非药物干预措施正在影响农村生计，但关于这些影响的深入实证数据有限。我们追踪了2020年5月至7月疫情初期新冠病毒非药物干预措施的不同影响。我们对来自莫桑比克九个不同农村社区的92名小组成员进行了每周一次的定性电话访谈（n = 441）（研究周期为3 - 7周），探讨小组成员的生计如何变化，以及非药物干预措施如何与现有脆弱性相互交织并造成新的暴露风险。非药物干预措施显著重塑了许多生计，给收入不稳定者、妇女、儿童和老年人带来了最大负担，加剧了现有的脆弱性。交通和贸易限制以及包括食品在内的消费品价格上涨意味着一些受访者担心自己不是死于新冠病毒，而是死于非药物干预措施造成的扰乱所导致的饥饿。在我们的访谈期间，这些社区未报告疫情对健康的直接影响。大多数以市场为导向的收入多样化策略在很大程度上未能为应对非药物干预措施的冲击提供韧性。例外的是一个与猴面包树具有社会意识的价值链相关的特定案例，在那里强烈的关怀责任有助于避免出现其他地方所见的收入崩溃情况。相比之下，农业和木炭价值链要么崩溃，要么生产者价格和产量下降。这种冲击具有高度协变量且前所未有的性质，通过贸易和运输限制对生计造成了重大限制，从而导致全地区现金创收机会减少，这被视为与以往任何冲击都不同。因此，人为干预措施的规模及其影响引发了关于机构行为者、多样化和具有社会意识的贸易伙伴在概念上和政策制定中应对应对措施和脆弱性方面所起作用的问题。
