Understanding Electrochemical Reaction Mechanisms of Sulfur in All-Solid-State Batteries through Operando and Theoretical Studies.

Due to its outstanding safety and high energy density, all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASLSBs) are considered as a potential future energy storage technology. The electrochemical reaction pathway in ASLSBs with inorganic solid-state electrolytes is different from Li-S batteries with liquid electrolytes, but the mechanism remains unclear. By combining operando Raman spectroscopy and ex situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we investigated the reaction mechanism of sulfur (S ) in ASLSBs. Our results revealed that no Li S Li S and Li S were formed, yet Li S was detected. Furthermore, first-principles structural calculations were employed to disclose the formation energy of solid state Li S (1≤n≤8), in which Li S was a metastable phase, consistent with experimental observations. Meanwhile, partial S and Li S remained at the full lithiation stage, suggesting incomplete reaction due to sluggish reaction kinetics in ASLSBs.